{"id":1986,"date":"2026-10-26T08:43:06","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T08:43:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondyesterday.org\/research\/methods\/"},"modified":"2026-10-27T05:53:21","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T05:53:21","slug":"methods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/beyondyesterday.org\/ka\/research\/methods\/","title":{"rendered":"\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n.rsp{--pa:#f4f1ea;--tx:#2f2b25;--dm:#776f63;--oc:#b5762c;--ru:#d8d0c0;\n background:var(--pa);color:var(--tx);font:400 17px\/1.7 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;\n margin:0;padding:0 0 70px;overflow-x:hidden}\n.rsp *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.rsp .wrp{max-width:860px;margin:0 auto;padding:44px 30px 0}\n.rsp .bc{margin:0 0 26px;font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase}\n.rsp .bc a{color:var(--dm);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ru);padding-bottom:1px}\n.rsp .bc a:hover{color:#4f483d}\n.rsp h1{margin:0 0 14px;font:400 clamp(30px,4.6vw,46px)\/1.12 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;color:#1f1c18;letter-spacing:-.015em}\n.rsp .lead{margin:0 0 36px;font-size:18.5px;line-height:1.66;color:#5c554a;max-width:60ch}\n.rsp h2{margin:46px 0 14px;font:400 25px\/1.25 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;color:#241f1a}\n.rsp h2 .yr{display:block;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.08em;color:var(--oc);margin-bottom:2px}\n.rsp h3{margin:30px 0 10px;font:600 18px\/1.3 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;color:#33302a}\n.rsp p{margin:0 0 14px;max-width:68ch}\n.rsp p.place{margin:-8px 0 12px;color:#776f63;font-size:15.5px}\n.rsp p.bib{max-width:none;padding-left:1.7em;text-indent:-1.7em;font-size:15.8px;line-height:1.62;margin:0 0 11px}\n.rsp ul,.rsp ol{margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:1.25em;max-width:66ch}\n.rsp li{margin:0 0 7px}\n.rsp a{color:var(--oc);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(181,118,44,.42);padding-bottom:1px}\n.rsp a:hover{color:#8f5a1c}\n.rsp blockquote{margin:18px 0;padding:14px 20px;border-left:3px solid var(--oc);background:rgba(181,118,44,.06);max-width:62ch}\n.rsp blockquote p{margin:0;max-width:none}\n.rsp .tw{overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0 24px}\n.rsp table{border-collapse:collapse;min-width:620px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5}\n.rsp th{text-align:left;padding:8px 16px 8px 0;border-bottom:2px solid var(--ru);font-weight:600;color:#33302a;vertical-align:bottom}\n.rsp td{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 16px 8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ru)}\n.rsp .gal{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;gap:18px;margin:26px 0 30px;max-width:none}\n.rsp .gal figure{margin:0}\n.rsp .gal img{width:100%;display:block;border-radius:2px}\n.rsp .gal figcaption{margin-top:6px;font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:#776f63}\n.rsp .idx{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:8px 0 10px;max-width:none}\n.rsp .idx li{margin:0;padding:15px 0 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ru)}\n.rsp .idx a{font-size:20px;border-bottom:none}\n.rsp .idx .d{display:block;margin-top:3px;color:#776f63;font-size:15px;max-width:62ch}\n.rsp .dl{margin-top:40px;font-size:13px;color:#978e7f;max-width:none}\n.rsp .rnav{margin-top:52px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--ru);font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.9;color:#776f63;max-width:none}\n.rsp .rnav b{color:#4f483d;font-weight:600}\n.rsp .rnav a{border-bottom:none;white-space:nowrap}\n@media(max-width:900px){.rsp .gal{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}\n@media(max-width:640px){.rsp .wrp{padding:34px 20px 0}.rsp .gal{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\nbody.page-id-1986 .entry-title,body.page-id-1986 .ast-archive-description{display:none!important}body.page-id-1986 .site-content .ast-container{max-width:none!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}body.page-id-1986 .site-content{background:#f4f1ea}body.page-id-1986 .by-home-em{background:rgba(255,253,249,.94)!important;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #d8d0c0!important}body.page-id-1986 .by-home-em i::before{border-color:#6b6253!important}body.page-id-1986 .by-home-em i::after{background:#b5762c!important;border-color:#b5762c!important}body.page-id-1986 .by-home-nm{color:rgba(47,43,37,.52)!important}<\/style><div class=\"rsp\"><div class=\"wrp\"><p class=\"bc\"><a href=\"\/research\/\" data-k=\"bc\">Research<\/a><\/p><h1 data-k=\"t\">Methods &#038; Debates<\/h1><p class=\"lead\" data-k=\"l\">How we read photographs, how we attribute and date images and what remains in dispute, from the 1905\/1907 question to the role of artificial intelligence.<\/p><div class=\"bod\"><p data-k=\"m1\">A historical image is both an image and an object with a history: made by someone, for a reason, with a particular camera, then copied, sold, published, kept or forgotten, and given several captions on the way. <i>Beyond Yesterday<\/i> follows the whole path, from the Manakia brothers\u2019 photographs through their archives to the landscapes in which they were made. This page says what the project counts as evidence, what it counts as interpretation and when it leaves a question open.<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m2\">1. The archive as a set of objects<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m3\">One scene may survive as a glass negative in Bitola, as a print in a family album, as a postcard with a commercial caption, as a newspaper reproduction, as a copy in a museum and as a digital scan. These are not six identical sources: the glass keeps technical traces, the album an order, the newspaper a date, the back of a print may carry a name, and a scan may crop the margins. The project therefore keeps separate records for the scene shown, for each surviving object, for each edition and for the digital reproduction. The first question is always material: is the negative an original or a contact copy, was the print cropped or retouched, can the handwriting or the studio stamp be dated? An archive description is part of the object\u2019s later history and is not the same as the event shown. The institutions are presented in <a href=\"\/research\/archives\/\">Archival Sources<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m4\">2. How an attribution is made<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m5\">An attribution starts from the object: format, marks, inscriptions, the caption in earlier catalogues, condition and the holder\u2019s identifier. Then independent witnesses are sought (maps, newspapers, school registers, letters, building histories, dated theatre programmes, other photographs) that can confirm or contradict the caption. A face, a mountain skyline, a costume, a shop sign or an architectural detail is compared with several possible identifications, and evidence against is sought as persistently as evidence for.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"m6\">Observation is kept apart from inference. \u201cThe sign reads <i>The Liars<\/i>\u201d is an observation; \u201cthis was the visit on which Camera 300 was bought\u201d is an interpretation and needs more than the sign. The reasoning is published with its sources, and the old catalogue label is kept even where we explain why it looks wrong. New evidence can change an identification, so every major revision stays dated and named.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"m7\">A famous face calls for extra caution, because fame makes a resemblance look more convincing than it is. A caption can pass from a memory into an archive inventory and from there into dozens of publications without the image ever being compared with independent portraits. When we publish an identification we show the original plate, the old caption, the whole image (not a cropped face), the comparison images with their provenance, the method and the named expert. A forensic comparison is valuable evidence but does not replace historical context. The case of Mustafa Kemal is in the <a href=\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\">Journal<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m8\">3. The 1905 \/ 1907 question<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m9\">The first Manakia film is conventionally dated to 1905, a date repeated by the Cinematheque of North Macedonia\u2019s chronology and by many reference works. It is not an invented date but a historiographical tradition resting largely on later recollection.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"m10\"><i>Beyond Yesterday<\/i> dates the purchase of Camera 300 and the first film to 1907, in agreement with Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu\u2019s argument from documents. The new evidence is concrete: a broken glass negative kept in Bitola shows Ianaki outside the Criterion Theatre in London, and the theatre\u2019s programme shows that <i>The Liars<\/i> ran there from 13 April to 15 October 1907. The place is near the firm of Charles Urban, supplier of the Bioscope camera. The first moving images, among them the film of his grandmother Despa at Avdela, come after the purchase.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"m11\">The wording stays cautious: traditionally dated 1905; after the research of C\u0103t\u0103lin D. Constantin and Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu, the camera was bought and the earliest film made in 1907. A dated bill of sale or a contemporary witness would be decisive. In full: \u201cThe man in front of the theatre\u201d in the <a href=\"\/journal\/#londra\">Journal<\/a>, \u021a\u00eercomnicu, <i>Ioan D. Manakia \u00een documente<\/i> (2024), and Dimitar Gjorgievski\u2019s study of Camera 300 (2022).<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m12\">4. Several kinds of date<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m13\">Photographic archives usually keep one date field for different things. Here we distinguish the date of exposure (the most important, but sometimes uncertain), of the event (a dated visit can give a firm interval), of the print (it may be decades later than the negative), of publication (a newspaper of 1903 gives an upper limit for the exposure), of entry into a collection and of modern identification. For hard cases the earliest and latest possible dates are given; \u201cbefore 20 March 1903\u201d, \u201c1898\u20131900\u201d or \u201cphotographed by October 1907\u201d are more accurate than an unjustified precise year.<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m14\">5. Film: titles are not productions<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m15\">The brothers\u2019 films exist in several forms: a camera roll, a modern edition that extracts a few metres and gives them another title, a compiled film with added intertitles, DVD chapters catalogued separately. A figure about films must therefore be clarified first: does it count camera rolls, original titles, surviving elements, archive records or edited chapters? Are lengths given in metres or in running time, and at what frame rate? Is the surviving object a camera negative, a positive print, a duplicate or a restored master? Are the intertitles original or added later? The case of the 1911 Romanian delegation shows why it matters: the film edited in Romania, <i>Excursie \u00een Macedonia turceasc\u0103<\/i>, has a connected itinerary, while modern records may split the parts on Bitola, Gopesh and Resen. Different cataloguing practices can create the appearance of several unrelated works; the event itself remains of 1911 (Marian \u021au\u021bui, \u201cThe Visual Heritage of Manakia Bros.\u201d).<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m16\">6. Comparative photography<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m17\">The procedure itself (candidate place, fixed points, point of view, recording of change) is described in <a href=\"\/research\/field-method\/\">Field Method<\/a>, and the case studies from Laista, Kor\u00e7\u00eb, Plovdiv, Sliven and Bitola are in the <a href=\"\/journal\/\">Journal<\/a>. What matters here is its use as verification: a wrong caption gives way before the ground, while local memory must itself be attributed and corroborated. A convincing montage is not a geometrically exact reconstruction, and we say so when the point of view is only approximate.<\/p>\n\n<h2 data-k=\"m19\">7. Names, identities, belonging<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m20\">The Manakia brothers lived in a region where language, school, confession, political loyalty, citizenship and everyday belonging did not necessarily coincide. The same person could grow up in an Aromanian-speaking family, attend a Romanian-language school, work in an Ottoman town and be claimed later by several national histories. Even their names circulate in several forms (Ianaki, Ienache, Janaki, Yannakis, Giannis; Milton, Miltos; Manakia, Manaki, Manakis, Manaqi). The form in a source shows the language and political setting in which it was written and is no reason to exclude the others. Here we generally use Ianaki and Milton Manakia; the bibliography keeps the printed spelling.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"m21\">The question whether they were \u201cGreek\u201d, \u201cRomanian\u201d, \u201cMacedonian\u201d, \u201cAlbanian\u201d, \u201cTurkish\u201d or \u201cYugoslav\u201d pioneers easily replaces research with a division of symbolic property. It is more exact to describe separately the place of birth, the languages, the trades, the institutional ties, the subjects photographed, the historical citizenship and today\u2019s custody. Identity mattered much in the late Ottoman Balkans, and some photographs were made in institutions with explicit national programmes; the hostility of part of the Greek press towards Ianaki and the context of the Romanian school belong to the same history. But no single label describes the photographs and all the people in them. Readings: Siokis (2024), Gu\u0161tin (2023), \u00d6zen (2010, 2012), Grgi\u0107 (2020, 2022), in the <a href=\"\/research\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m22\">8. Milton\u2019s year of birth<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m23\">The literature does not give the same year: 1882 appears in institutional biographies and in a 2022 anniversary publication of the State Archives in Bitola, 1880 in recent curatorial material, among it the 2023 programme of the Albanian Ministry of Culture for the Marubi exhibition. <i>Beyond Yesterday<\/i> uses 1880, reflecting the project\u2019s present reading, and flags the difference: Milton Manakia (1880\u20131964; 1882 is also widely given in the literature). Until a primary civil, church or school register is found and published, it remains an open documentary problem.<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m24\">9. Degrees of certainty<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m25\">The research notes use four degrees, so that the reader can tell what is observed from what remains provisional.<\/p>\n<ul><li data-k=\"m26\"><b>Documented:<\/b> independently dated photographs, signed or dated documents, catalogue references checked against an original or an authorised transcription.<\/li><li data-k=\"m27\"><b>Firm identification:<\/b> several independent kinds of evidence support a person, a place or a date, and the argument and comparisons can be checked.<\/li><li data-k=\"m28\"><b>Provisional:<\/b> a plausible attribution that still depends on missing evidence.<\/li><li data-k=\"m29\"><b>Open question:<\/b> a contradiction or gap worth keeping in view rather than covering with an attractive story.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p data-k=\"m30\">The language follows the degree: \u201cprobably photographed at\u2026\u201d, \u201cmay show\u2026\u201d, \u201cpreviously catalogued as Plovdiv; proposed identification: Sliven\u201d. \u201cCertain\u201d is not an archival method, and neither is \u201clegendary\u201d.<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m31\">10. Artificial intelligence and the archival image<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m32\">Enlarging, adjusting contrast, overlaying two frames and searching for images can bring out details that are easy to miss, and automatic tools can help find comparison terms in large collections. An algorithmic match is, however, a working hypothesis, not an independent historical witness.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"m33\">The project also shows animations made with the help of AI in its exhibitions. They can make the subjects of old photographs legible again for today\u2019s public, but they are creative interpretations and are never passed off as original Manakia films. The original image stays accessible, with its citation. Generated movement, and invented sound or speech, are declared. Generated details (a fa\u00e7ade, a facial feature, a badge, a sign) are not used as evidence. Technical restoration (a scratch cleaned, a frame stabilised) differs from synthetic creation (an invented missing face). Living people and descendants remain a matter of dignity and sensitive representation. A caption can be simple: \u201cHistorical photograph by the Manakia brothers, [archive reference]. Animation made with the help of AI for <i>Beyond Yesterday<\/i>, [year]. Movement and sound are modern reconstructions.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 data-k=\"m34\">11. Rights and digital preservation<\/h2>\n<p data-k=\"m35\">Digital access does not erase rights and provenance. A scan from the British Library\u2019s EAP1470 keeps the holding institution in Bitola, the archive reference and the EAP identifier, and funding or hosting a scan does not confer ownership of the negative. Citation formulas and the question of permissions are in <a href=\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\">How to Cite<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"m36\"><i>Some questions stay unanswered: why a negative was catalogued with the wrong town, why a film circulates under several titles, why descendants, researchers and film archives remember the same event differently. The research does not aim to take the poetry out of the images or to turn them into illustrations of a closed history. The stronger the image, the greater the need to see what it actually proves; sometimes the background says more than the subject, and a catalogue error can open the way to a discovery. Interpretations are updated when firmer documentary evidence appears.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"rnav\"><a href=\"\/research\/rephotography\/\" data-k=\"nvrephotography\">Rephotography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/aromanians\/\" data-k=\"nvaromanians\">The Aromanians<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/field-method\/\" data-k=\"nvfield-method\">Field Method<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\" data-k=\"nvhow-to-cite\">How to Cite<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/gazetteer\/\" data-k=\"nvgazetteer\">Gazetteer<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/film-chronology\/\" data-k=\"nvfilm-chronology\">Film Chronology<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/bibliography\/\" data-k=\"nvbibliography\">Bibliography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/archives\/\" data-k=\"nvarchives\">Archival Sources<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/papers\/\" data-k=\"nvpapers\">Research Papers<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <b>Methods &amp; Debates<\/b><\/div><a href=\"\/research\/rephotography\/\" data-k=\"nvrephotography\">Rephotography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/aromanians\/\" data-k=\"nvaromanians\">The Aromanians<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/field-method\/\" data-k=\"nvfield-method\">Field Method<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\" data-k=\"nvhow-to-cite\">How to Cite<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/gazetteer\/\" data-k=\"nvgazetteer\">Gazetteer<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/film-chronology\/\" data-k=\"nvfilm-chronology\">Film Chronology<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/bibliography\/\" data-k=\"nvbibliography\">Bibliography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/archives\/\" data-k=\"nvarchives\">Archival Sources<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/papers\/\" data-k=\"nvpapers\">Research Papers<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <b data-k=\"nvmethods\">Methods &amp; Debates<\/b><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<script id=\"rsI18N\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"ro\":{\"m1\":\"O imagine istoric\u0103 e \u0219i imagine, \u0219i obiect cu istorie: a fost f\u0103cut\u0103 de cineva, dintr-un motiv, cu un anumit aparat, apoi copiat\u0103, v\u00e2ndut\u0103, publicat\u0103, p\u0103strat\u0103 sau uitat\u0103, \u0219i a primit pe drum mai multe legende. <i>Dincolo de ieri<\\\/i> urm\u0103re\u0219te tot acest drum, de la fotografiile fra\u021bilor Manakia, prin arhivele lor, p\u00e2n\u0103 la peisajele \u00een care au fost f\u0103cute. Pagina arat\u0103 ce socote\u0219te proiectul dovad\u0103, ce socote\u0219te interpretare \u0219i c\u00e2nd las\u0103 o \u00eentrebare deschis\u0103.\",\"m2\":\"1. Arhiva ca ansamblu de obiecte\",\"m3\":\"O aceea\u0219i scen\u0103 poate supravie\u021bui ca negativ pe sticl\u0103 la Bitola, ca fotografie \u00eentr-un album de familie, ca carte po\u0219tal\u0103 cu legend\u0103 comercial\u0103, ca reproducere \u00eentr-un ziar, ca fotografie \u00eentr-un muzeu \u0219i ca scanare digital\u0103. Nu sunt \u0219ase surse identice: sticla p\u0103streaz\u0103 urmele tehnice, albumul o ordine, ziarul o dat\u0103, spatele fotografiei poate purta un nume, iar scanarea poate t\u0103ia marginile. De aceea proiectul \u021bine eviden\u021be separate pentru scena \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at\u0103, pentru fiecare obiect p\u0103strat, pentru fiecare edi\u021bie \u0219i pentru reproducerea digital\u0103. Prima \u00eentrebare e mereu material\u0103: negativul e original sau copie de contact, fotografia a fost decupat\u0103 ori retu\u0219at\u0103, scrisul de m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i \u0219tampila atelierului pot fi datate? Descrierea de arhiv\u0103 face \u0219i ea parte din istoria obiectului \u0219i nu se confund\u0103 cu evenimentul \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219at. Institu\u021biile sunt prezentate \u00een <a href=\\\"\/research\/archives\/\\\">Surse de arhiv\u0103<\\\/a>.\",\"m4\":\"2. Cum se face o atribuire\",\"m5\":\"Atribuirea porne\u0219te de la obiect: format, semne, inscrip\u021bii, legenda din cataloagele mai vechi, stare \u0219i identificatorul de\u021bin\u0103torului. Apoi se caut\u0103 martori independen\u021bi (h\u0103r\u021bi, ziare, registre \u0219colare, scrisori, istoria cl\u0103dirilor, programe de teatru datate, alte fotografii) care pot confirma sau contrazice legenda. Un chip, o siluet\u0103 de mun\u021bi, un costum, o firm\u0103 sau un detaliu de arhitectur\u0103 se compar\u0103 cu mai multe identific\u0103ri posibile, iar dovezile care contrazic se caut\u0103 la fel de st\u0103ruitor ca cele care confirm\u0103.\",\"m6\":\"Observa\u021bia se desparte de inferen\u021b\u0103. \u201ePe o firm\u0103 scrie <i>The Liars<\\\/i>\u201d e o observa\u021bie; \u201eaceasta a fost vizita \u00een care s-a cump\u0103rat Camera 300\u201d e o interpretare \u0219i cere mai mult dec\u00e2t firma. Ra\u021bionamentul se public\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu sursele, iar eticheta veche din catalog se p\u0103streaz\u0103, chiar \u0219i acolo unde explic\u0103m de ce pare gre\u0219it\u0103. O dovad\u0103 nou\u0103 poate schimba o identificare, de aceea fiecare revizuire important\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne datat\u0103 \u0219i numit\u0103.\",\"m7\":\"Un chip celebru cere pruden\u021b\u0103 \u00een plus, pentru c\u0103 faima face asem\u0103narea s\u0103 par\u0103 mai conving\u0103toare dec\u00e2t e. O legend\u0103 poate trece dintr-o amintire \u00eentr-un inventar de arhiv\u0103 \u0219i de acolo \u00een zeci de publica\u021bii, f\u0103r\u0103 ca imaginea s\u0103 fi fost vreodat\u0103 comparat\u0103 cu portrete independente. C\u00e2nd public\u0103m o identificare, ar\u0103t\u0103m placa original\u0103, vechea legend\u0103, imaginea \u00eentreag\u0103 (nu un chip decupat), imaginile de compara\u021bie cu provenien\u021ba lor, metoda \u0219i expertul numit. Expertiza criminalistic\u0103 e o dovad\u0103 valoroas\u0103, dar nu \u021bine loc de context istoric. Cazul lui Mustafa Kemal e \u00een <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\\\">Jurnal<\\\/a>.\",\"m8\":\"3. Problema 1905 \/ 1907\",\"m9\":\"Primul film Manakia se dateaz\u0103 conven\u021bional \u00een 1905, dat\u0103 pe care o repet\u0103 \u0219i cronologia Cinematecii Macedoniei de Nord, ca multe lucr\u0103ri de referin\u021b\u0103. Nu e o dat\u0103 inventat\u0103, ci o tradi\u021bie istoriografic\u0103 bazat\u0103 mult pe amintiri de mai t\u00e2rziu.\",\"m10\":\"<i>Dincolo de ieri<\\\/i> dateaz\u0103 cump\u0103rarea Camerei 300 \u0219i primul film \u00een 1907, \u00een acord cu argumentul din documente al lui Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu. Dovada nou\u0103 e concret\u0103: o plac\u0103 de sticl\u0103 rupt\u0103, p\u0103strat\u0103 la Bitola, \u00eel arat\u0103 pe Ianaki \u00een fa\u021ba teatrului Criterion din Londra, iar programul teatrului arat\u0103 c\u0103 <i>The Liars<\\\/i> s-a jucat acolo \u00eentre 13 aprilie \u0219i 15 octombrie 1907. Locul e aproape de firma lui Charles Urban, furnizorul camerei Bioscope. Primele imagini \u00een mi\u0219care, \u00eentre ele filmarea cu bunica Despa la Avdela, vin dup\u0103 cump\u0103rare.\",\"m11\":\"Formularea r\u0103m\u00e2ne prudent\u0103: datat tradi\u021bional 1905; dup\u0103 cercet\u0103rile lui C\u0103t\u0103lin D. Constantin \u0219i ale lui Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu, aparatul a fost cump\u0103rat \u0219i cel mai vechi film realizat \u00een 1907. Ar fi hot\u0103r\u00e2tor un act de cump\u0103rare datat sau un martor contemporan. Pe larg: \u201eOmul din fa\u021ba teatrului\u201d, \u00een <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#londra\\\">Jurnal<\\\/a>, \u021a\u00eercomnicu, <i>Ioan D. Manakia \u00een documente<\\\/i> (2024), \u0219i studiul lui Dimitar Gjorgievski despre Camera 300 (2022).\",\"m12\":\"4. Mai multe feluri de date\",\"m13\":\"Arhivele fotografice folosesc de obicei un singur c\u00e2mp de dat\u0103 pentru lucruri diferite. Aici se deosebesc data expunerii (cea mai important\u0103, dar uneori incert\u0103), a evenimentului (o vizit\u0103 datat\u0103 poate da un interval sigur), a copiei (poate fi cu zeci de ani mai t\u00e2rzie dec\u00e2t negativul), a public\u0103rii (un ziar din 1903 d\u0103 o limit\u0103 superioar\u0103 pentru expunere), a intr\u0103rii \u00een colec\u021bie \u0219i a identific\u0103rii moderne. Pentru cazurile grele se dau cea mai timpurie \u0219i cea mai t\u00e2rzie dat\u0103 posibil\u0103; \u201e\u00eenainte de 20 martie 1903\u201d, \u201e1898\u20131900\u201d sau \u201efotografiat p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een octombrie 1907\u201d sunt mai exacte dec\u00e2t un an precis nejustificat.\",\"m14\":\"5. Filmul: titlurile nu sunt produc\u021bii\",\"m15\":\"Filmele fra\u021bilor exist\u0103 \u00een mai multe forme: rol\u0103 de camer\u0103, edi\u021bie modern\u0103 care extrage c\u00e2\u021biva metri \u0219i le d\u0103 alt titlu, film compilat cu intertitluri ad\u0103ugate, capitole de DVD catalogate separat. De aceea o cifr\u0103 despre filme trebuie \u00eent\u00e2i l\u0103murit\u0103: num\u0103r\u0103 role de camer\u0103, titluri originale, elemente p\u0103strate, fi\u0219e de arhiv\u0103 sau capitole montate? Lungimile sunt \u00een metri sau \u00een durat\u0103, \u0219i la ce frecven\u021b\u0103 de cadre? Obiectul p\u0103strat e negativ de camer\u0103, copie pozitiv\u0103, duplicat sau master restaurat? Intertitlurile sunt originale sau ad\u0103ugate mai t\u00e2rziu? Cazul delega\u021biei rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti din 1911 arat\u0103 de ce conteaz\u0103: filmul montat \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, <i>Excursie \u00een Macedonia turceasc\u0103<\\\/i>, are un itinerar legat, pe c\u00e2nd eviden\u021bele moderne pot separa p\u0103r\u021bile despre Bitola, Gope\u0219 \u0219i Resen. Practicile de catalogare diferite pot crea aparen\u021ba unor lucr\u0103ri multiple, f\u0103r\u0103 leg\u0103tur\u0103; evenimentul r\u0103m\u00e2ne din 1911 (Marian \u021au\u021bui, \u201eThe Visual Heritage of Manakia Bros.\u201d).\",\"m16\":\"6. Fotografia comparativ\u0103\",\"m17\":\"Procedura \u00eens\u0103\u0219i (locul candidat, punctele fixe, punctul de vedere, consemnarea schimb\u0103rii) e descris\u0103 \u00een <a href=\\\"\/research\/field-method\/\\\">Metoda de teren<\\\/a>, iar studiile de caz de la Laista, Kor\u00e7\u00eb, Plovdiv, Sliven \u0219i Bitola sunt \u00een <a href=\\\"\/journal\/\\\">Jurnal<\\\/a>. Aici conteaz\u0103 ca mijloc de verificare: o legend\u0103 gre\u0219it\u0103 cedeaz\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba terenului, iar memoria local\u0103 trebuie \u0219i ea atribuit\u0103 \u0219i coroborat\u0103. Un montaj conving\u0103tor nu e o reconstituire geometric\u0103 exact\u0103, \u0219i spunem asta c\u00e2nd punctul de vedere e doar aproximativ.\",\"m19\":\"7. Nume, identit\u0103\u021bi, apartenen\u021b\u0103\",\"m20\":\"Fra\u021bii Manakia au tr\u0103it \u00eentr-o regiune \u00een care limba, \u0219coala, confesiunea, loialitatea politic\u0103, cet\u0103\u021benia \u0219i apartenen\u021ba zilnic\u0103 nu coincideau neap\u0103rat. Aceea\u0219i persoan\u0103 putea cre\u0219te \u00eentr-o familie vorbitoare de arom\u00e2n\u0103, urma o \u0219coal\u0103 \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103, lucra \u00eentr-un ora\u0219 otoman \u0219i era revendicat\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu de mai multe istorii na\u021bionale. Chiar numele lor circul\u0103 \u00een mai multe forme (Ianaki, Ienache, Janaki, Yannakis, Giannis; Milton, Miltos; Manakia, Manaki, Manakis, Manaqi). Forma dintr-o surs\u0103 arat\u0103 limba \u0219i cadrul politic \u00een care a fost scris\u0103 \u0219i nu e motiv s\u0103 le excludem pe celelalte. Aici folosim \u00een general Ianaki \u0219i Milton Manakia; titlurile din bibliografie p\u0103streaz\u0103 grafia tip\u0103rit\u0103.\",\"m21\":\"\u00centrebarea dac\u0103 au fost pionieri \u201egreci\u201d, \u201erom\u00e2ni\u201d, \u201emacedoneni\u201d, \u201ealbanezi\u201d, \u201eturci\u201d sau \u201eiugoslavi\u201d \u00eenlocuie\u0219te u\u0219or cercetarea cu o \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bire de proprietate simbolic\u0103. Mai exact e s\u0103 descrii separat locul na\u0219terii, limbile, meseriile, leg\u0103turile institu\u021bionale, subiectele fotografiate, cet\u0103\u021benia istoric\u0103 \u0219i custodia de azi. Identitatea conta mult \u00een Balcanii otomani t\u00e2rzii, iar unele fotografii au fost f\u0103cute \u00een institu\u021bii cu programe na\u021bionale explicite; ostilitatea unei p\u0103r\u021bi a presei grece\u0219ti fa\u021b\u0103 de Ianaki \u0219i contextul \u0219colii rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti \u021bin de aceea\u0219i istorie. Dar nicio etichet\u0103 singur\u0103 nu descrie fotografiile \u0219i to\u021bi oamenii din ele. Lecturi: Siokis (2024), Gu\u0161tin (2023), \u00d6zen (2010, 2012), Grgi\u0107 (2020, 2022), \u00een <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">Bibliografie<\\\/a>.\",\"m22\":\"8. Anul na\u0219terii lui Milton\",\"m23\":\"Literatura nu d\u0103 acela\u0219i an: 1882 apare \u00een biografii institu\u021bionale \u0219i \u00eentr-o publica\u021bie aniversar\u0103 din 2022 a Arhivelor Statului de la Bitola, 1880 \u00een materiale curatoriale recente, \u00eentre ele programul din 2023 al Ministerului Culturii din Albania pentru expozi\u021bia de la Marubi. <i>Dincolo de ieri<\\\/i> folose\u0219te 1880, ca reflectare a interpret\u0103rii actuale a proiectului, \u0219i semnaleaz\u0103 diferen\u021ba: Milton Manakia (1880\u20131964; \u00een literatur\u0103 se d\u0103 larg \u0219i 1882). P\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd un registru primar, civil, bisericesc sau \u0219colar, e g\u0103sit \u0219i publicat, e o problem\u0103 documentar\u0103 deschis\u0103.\",\"m24\":\"9. Grade de certitudine\",\"m25\":\"Notele de cercetare folosesc patru grade, ca cititorul s\u0103 poat\u0103 deosebi ce e observat de ce r\u0103m\u00e2ne provizoriu.\",\"m26\":\"<b>Documentat:<\\\/b> fotografii datate independent, documente semnate sau datate, referin\u021be de catalog verificate pe original sau pe o transcriere autorizat\u0103.\",\"m27\":\"<b>Identificare solid\u0103:<\\\/b> mai multe feluri independente de dovezi sus\u021bin o persoan\u0103, un loc sau o dat\u0103, iar argumentul \u0219i compara\u021biile pot fi verificate.\",\"m28\":\"<b>Provizoriu:<\\\/b> atribuire plauzibil\u0103, care depinde \u00eenc\u0103 de dovezi lips\u0103.\",\"m29\":\"<b>\u00centrebare deschis\u0103:<\\\/b> contradic\u021bie sau gol care merit\u0103 \u021binut la vedere, nu acoperit cu o poveste atr\u0103g\u0103toare.\",\"m30\":\"Limbajul urmeaz\u0103 gradul: \u201eprobabil fotografiat la\u2026\u201d, \u201epoate \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219a\u2026\u201d, \u201ecatalogat anterior ca Plovdiv; identificare propus\u0103: Sliven\u201d. \u201eSigur\u201d nu e o metod\u0103 de arhiv\u0103, nici \u201elegendar\u201d.\",\"m31\":\"10. Inteligen\u021ba artificial\u0103 \u0219i imaginea de arhiv\u0103\",\"m32\":\"M\u0103rirea, reglarea contrastului, suprapunerea a dou\u0103 cadre \u0219i c\u0103utarea de imagini pot scoate la iveal\u0103 detalii u\u0219or de ratat, iar instrumentele automate pot ajuta la g\u0103sirea unor termeni de compara\u021bie \u00een colec\u021bii mari. O potrivire algoritmic\u0103 e \u00eens\u0103 o ipotez\u0103 de lucru, nu un martor istoric independent.\",\"m33\":\"Proiectul prezint\u0103 \u00een expozi\u021bii \u0219i anima\u021bii f\u0103cute cu ajutorul IA. Ele pot face din nou lizibile pentru publicul de azi subiectele fotografiilor vechi, dar sunt interpret\u0103ri creative \u0219i nu se dau niciodat\u0103 drept filme originale ale fra\u021bilor Manakia. Imaginea original\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne accesibil\u0103, al\u0103turi de citarea ei. Mi\u0219carea generat\u0103, sunetul sau vorbirea inventate se declar\u0103. Detaliile generate (o fa\u021bad\u0103, o tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 de chip, o insign\u0103, o firm\u0103) nu se folosesc ca dovad\u0103. Restaurarea tehnic\u0103 (o zg\u00e2rietur\u0103 cur\u0103\u021bat\u0103, un cadru stabilizat) se deosebe\u0219te de crea\u021bia sintetic\u0103 (un chip lips\u0103 inventat). Oamenii \u00een via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i urma\u0219ii r\u0103m\u00e2n o problem\u0103 de demnitate \u0219i de reprezentare. Legenda poate fi simpl\u0103: \u201eFotografie istoric\u0103 de fra\u021bii Manakia, [referin\u021b\u0103 de arhiv\u0103]. Anima\u021bie realizat\u0103 cu ajutorul IA pentru <i>Dincolo de ieri<\\\/i>, [an]. Mi\u0219carea \u0219i sunetul sunt reconstituiri moderne.\u201d\",\"m34\":\"11. Drepturi \u0219i p\u0103strare digital\u0103\",\"m35\":\"Accesul digital nu \u0219terge drepturile \u0219i provenien\u021ba. O scanare din EAP1470 al Bibliotecii Britanice p\u0103streaz\u0103 institu\u021bia de\u021bin\u0103toare de la Bitola, referin\u021ba de arhiv\u0103 \u0219i identificatorul EAP, iar finan\u021barea sau g\u0103zduirea unei scan\u0103ri nu d\u0103 proprietatea asupra negativului. Formulele de citare \u0219i chestiunea permisiunilor sunt \u00een <a href=\\\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\\\">Cum se citeaz\u0103<\\\/a>.\",\"m36\":\"<i>Unele \u00eentreb\u0103ri r\u0103m\u00e2n f\u0103r\u0103 r\u0103spuns: de ce un negativ a fost catalogat cu ora\u0219ul gre\u0219it, de ce circul\u0103 un film sub mai multe titluri, de ce amintesc urma\u0219ii, cercet\u0103torii \u0219i arhivele de film acela\u0219i eveniment \u00een feluri diferite. Cercetarea nu urm\u0103re\u0219te s\u0103 scoat\u0103 poezia din imagini \u0219i nici s\u0103 le fac\u0103 ilustra\u021bii pentru o istorie \u00eencheiat\u0103. Cu c\u00e2t imaginea e mai puternic\u0103, cu at\u00e2t e mai mare nevoia de a vedea ce dovede\u0219te ea de fapt; uneori fundalul spune mai mult dec\u00e2t subiectul, iar o gre\u0219eal\u0103 de catalog poate deschide drumul spre o descoperire. Interpret\u0103rile se actualizeaz\u0103 c\u00e2nd apar dovezi documentare mai solide.<\\\/i>\",\"t\":\"Metode \u0219i dezbateri\",\"bc\":\"Cercetare\",\"l\":\"Cum citim fotografiile, cum atribuim \u0219i dat\u0103m imaginile \u0219i ce r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u00een disput\u0103, de la problema 1905\/1907 p\u00e2n\u0103 la rolul inteligen\u021bei artificiale.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"Refotografiere\",\"nvaromanians\":\"Arom\u00e2nii\",\"nvfield-method\":\"Metoda de teren\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"Cum se citeaz\u0103\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"Repertoriu toponimic\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"Cronologia filmelor\",\"nvbibliography\":\"Bibliografie\",\"nvarchives\":\"Surse de arhiv\u0103\",\"nvpapers\":\"Studii\",\"nvmethods\":\"Metode \u0219i dezbateri\"},\"bg\":{\"bc\":\"\u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\",\"t\":\"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\",\"l\":\"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 1905\/1907 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442.\",\"m1\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0441 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b, \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0430\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u044a\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0438 \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430. <i>\u041e\u0442\u0432\u044a\u0434 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430<\\\/i> \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0442, \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0439\u0437\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u044a\u043b\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d 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\u0438\u0437\u0440\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435), \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442. \u0421\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u0442 \u0441 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0435 \u0432 <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\\\">\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\\\/a>.\",\"m8\":\"3. \u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044a\u0442 1905 \/ 1907\",\"m9\":\"\u041f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0442 1905 \u0433.; \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438. \u0422\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438.\",\"m10\":\"<i>\u041e\u0442\u0432\u044a\u0434 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430<\\\/i> \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 300 \u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u043e\u0442 1907 \u0433., \u0432 \u0441\u044a\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0415\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0426\u044a\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e: \u0441\u0447\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u044a\u043a\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0411\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u042f\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u044a\u0440 Criterion \u0432 \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u044a\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u0435 <i>The Liars<\\\/i> \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0442 13 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0434\u043e 15 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438 1907 \u0433. \u041c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0437 \u042a\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 Bioscope. \u041f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u044a\u0442 \u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u0443 \u0414\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u0410\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0438\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430.\",\"m11\":\"\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430: \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442 1905 \u0433.; \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0414. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0415\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0426\u044a\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 1907 \u0433. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0445\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e: \u201e\u041c\u044a\u0436\u044a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u044a\u0440\u0430\u201c \u0432 <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#londra\\\">\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\\\/a>, \u021a\u00eercomnicu, <i>Ioan D. Manakia \u00een documente<\\\/i> (2024), \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044a\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 300 (2022).\",\"m12\":\"4. \u041d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\",\"m13\":\"\u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0449\u0430. \u0422\u0443\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 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\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438; \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.\",\"m21\":\"\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044a\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u201e\u0433\u0440\u044a\u0446\u043a\u0438\u201c, \u201e\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u201c, \u201e\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u201c, \u201e\u0430\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u201c, \u201e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u201c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u201e\u044e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u201c \u043f\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f 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\u0413\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447 (2020, 2022), \u0432 <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430<\\\/a>.\",\"m22\":\"8. \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d\",\"m23\":\"\u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430: 1882 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0432 \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432 \u0432 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430: \u041c\u0438\u043b\u0442\u043e\u043d \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 (1880\u20131964; \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430 \u0438 1882). \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0446\u044a\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0440, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d 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\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0418 \u0437\u0430 <i>\u041e\u0442\u0432\u044a\u0434 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430<\\\/i>, [\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430]. \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.\u201c\",\"m34\":\"11. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\",\"m35\":\"\u0414\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 EAP1470 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0411\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 EAP, \u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044a\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0432 <a href=\\\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\\\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430<\\\/a>.\",\"m36\":\"<i>\u041d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440: \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0446\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d. \u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044a\u0440\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u044a\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u044f \u043a\u044a\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u044a\u043b\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\\\/i>\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u0420\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"nvfield-method\":\"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"\u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"nvbibliography\":\"\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\",\"nvarchives\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\",\"nvpapers\":\"\u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\",\"nvmethods\":\"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\"},\"tr\":{\"bc\":\"Ara\u015ft\u0131rma\",\"t\":\"Y\u00f6ntemler ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\",\"l\":\"Foto\u011fraflar\u0131 nas\u0131l okuyoruz, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclere nas\u0131l at\u0131f yap\u0131p onlar\u0131 nas\u0131l tarihlendiriyoruz ve neler tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 kal\u0131yor: 1905\/1907 sorusundan yapay zek\u00e2n\u0131n rol\u00fcne.\",\"m1\":\"Tarih\u00ee bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc hem bir imge hem de kendi tarihi olan bir nesnedir: biri taraf\u0131ndan, bir nedenle, belirli bir makineyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sonra kopyalanm\u0131\u015f, sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, saklanm\u0131\u015f ya da unutulmu\u015f ve yol boyunca birka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 alt yaz\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <i>D\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6tesinde<\\\/i> bu yolun tamam\u0131n\u0131 izler: Manaki karde\u015flerin foto\u011fraflar\u0131ndan ar\u015fivlerine, oradan da foto\u011fraflar\u0131n \u00e7ekildi\u011fi manzaralara. Bu sayfa, projenin neyi kan\u0131t, neyi yorum sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bir soruyu ne zaman a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.\",\"m2\":\"1. Bir nesneler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olarak ar\u015fiv\",\"m3\":\"Tek bir sahne Manast\u0131r\u2019da (Bitola) bir cam negatif, bir aile alb\u00fcm\u00fcnde bir bask\u0131, ticari alt yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir kartpostal, bir gazete reprod\u00fcksiyonu, bir m\u00fczede bir kopya ve bir dijital tarama olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Bunlar birbirinin ayn\u0131 alt\u0131 kaynak de\u011fildir: cam teknik izleri, alb\u00fcm bir s\u0131ray\u0131, gazete bir tarihi korur; bir bask\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda bir ad bulunabilir, bir tarama ise kenarlar\u0131 k\u0131rpabilir. Bu y\u00fczden proje g\u00f6sterilen sahne, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan her nesne, her bask\u0131 ve dijital reprod\u00fcksiyon i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 kay\u0131tlar tutar. \u0130lk soru her zaman maddidir: negatif \u00f6zg\u00fcn m\u00fc yoksa bir kontakt kopya m\u0131, bask\u0131 k\u0131rp\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ya da r\u00f6tu\u015flanm\u0131\u015f m\u0131, el yaz\u0131s\u0131 ya da st\u00fcdyo damgas\u0131 tarihlendirilebilir mi? Bir ar\u015fiv tan\u0131m\u0131 nesnenin sonraki tarihinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r; g\u00f6sterilen olayla ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. Kurumlar <a href=\\\"\/research\/archives\/\\\">Ar\u015fiv kaynaklar\u0131<\\\/a> sayfas\u0131nda tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.\",\"m4\":\"2. Bir at\u0131f nas\u0131l yap\u0131l\u0131r\",\"m5\":\"At\u0131f nesneden ba\u015flar: bi\u00e7im, i\u015faretler, yaz\u0131lar, \u00f6nceki kataloglardaki alt yaz\u0131, durum ve saklayan kurumun tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan alt yaz\u0131y\u0131 do\u011frulayabilecek ya da \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctebilecek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z tan\u0131klar aran\u0131r (haritalar, gazeteler, okul kay\u0131tlar\u0131, mektuplar, yap\u0131 tarihleri, tarihli tiyatro programlar\u0131, ba\u015fka foto\u011fraflar). Bir y\u00fcz, bir da\u011f silueti, bir giysi, bir d\u00fckk\u00e2n tabelas\u0131 ya da bir mimari ayr\u0131nt\u0131 birka\u00e7 olas\u0131 te\u015fhisle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; kar\u015f\u0131t kan\u0131t da destekleyen kan\u0131t kadar \u0131srarla aran\u0131r.\",\"m6\":\"G\u00f6zlem \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mdan ayr\u0131 tutulur. \u201cTabelada <i>The Liars<\\\/i> yaz\u0131yor\u201d bir g\u00f6zlemdir; \u201cCamera 300 bu ziyarette sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u201d ise bir yorumdur ve tabeladan fazlas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme kaynaklar\u0131yla birlikte yay\u0131mlan\u0131r; eski katalog etiketi, neden yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yerlerde bile korunur. Yeni kan\u0131tlar bir te\u015fhisi de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir; bu y\u00fczden her \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeltme tarihli ve imzal\u0131 kal\u0131r.\",\"m7\":\"\u00dcnl\u00fc bir y\u00fcz ek dikkat ister, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fcn bir benzerli\u011fi oldu\u011fundan daha ikna edici g\u00f6sterir. Bir alt yaz\u0131 bir an\u0131dan bir ar\u015fiv envanterine, oradan da onlarca yay\u0131na ge\u00e7ebilir; g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z portrelerle hi\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan. Bir te\u015fhis yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u00f6zg\u00fcn plakay\u0131, eski alt yaz\u0131y\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc (k\u0131rp\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir y\u00fcz\u00fc de\u011fil), men\u015feleriyle birlikte kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini, y\u00f6ntemi ve uzman\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steririz. Adli bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma de\u011ferli bir kan\u0131tt\u0131r, ama tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131n yerini tutmaz. Mustafa Kemal vakas\u0131 <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\\\">G\u00fcnl\u00fck<\\\/a>\u2019tedir.\",\"m8\":\"3. 1905 \/ 1907 sorusu\",\"m9\":\"\u0130lk Manaki filmi geleneksel olarak 1905\u2019e tarihlenir; bu tarih Kuzey Makedonya Sinemateki\u2019nin kronolojisinde ve pek \u00e7ok ba\u015fvuru kayna\u011f\u0131nda tekrarlan\u0131r. Uydurulmu\u015f bir tarih de\u011fildir; b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sonraki an\u0131lara dayanan bir tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 gelene\u011fidir.\",\"m10\":\"<i>D\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6tesinde<\\\/i>, Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu\u2019nun belgelere dayanan arg\u00fcman\u0131yla uyumlu olarak Camera 300\u2019\u00fcn sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ilk filmi 1907\u2019ye tarihler. Yeni kan\u0131t somuttur: Manast\u0131r\u2019da saklanan k\u0131r\u0131k bir cam negatif, Yanaki\u2019yi Londra\u2019da Criterion Tiyatrosu\u2019nun \u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00f6sterir; tiyatronun program\u0131 da <i>The Liars<\\\/i>\u2019\u0131n orada 13 Nisan\u201315 Ekim 1907 aras\u0131nda oynand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar. Yer, Bioscope kameras\u0131n\u0131n tedarik\u00e7isi Charles Urban\u2019\u0131n firmas\u0131na yak\u0131nd\u0131r. \u0130lk hareketli g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler, aralar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fckannesi Despa\u2019n\u0131n Avdella\u2019da \u00e7ekilmi\u015f filmi de olmak \u00fczere, sat\u0131n almadan sonra gelir.\",\"m11\":\"\u0130fade temkinli kal\u0131r: geleneksel olarak 1905\u2019e tarihlenir; C\u0103t\u0103lin D. Constantin ve Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu\u2019nun ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131ndan sonra, kamera 1907\u2019de al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve ilk film o y\u0131l \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Tarihli bir sat\u0131\u015f belgesi ya da d\u00f6nemden bir tan\u0131kl\u0131k belirleyici olurdu. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak: <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#londra\\\">G\u00fcnl\u00fck<\\\/a>\u2019teki \u201cTiyatronun \u00f6n\u00fcndeki adam\u201d, \u021a\u00eercomnicu, <i>Ioan D. Manakia \u00een documente<\\\/i> (2024) ve Dimitar Gjorgievski\u2019nin Camera 300 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (2022).\",\"m12\":\"4. Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden tarihler\",\"m13\":\"Foto\u011fraf ar\u015fivleri genellikle farkl\u0131 \u015feyler i\u00e7in tek bir tarih alan\u0131 tutar. Burada \u015funlar\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131yoruz: \u00e7ekim tarihi (en \u00f6nemlisi, ama bazen belirsiz), olay tarihi (tarihli bir ziyaret kesin bir aral\u0131k verebilir), bask\u0131 tarihi (negatiften on y\u0131llar sonra olabilir), yay\u0131n tarihi (1903 tarihli bir gazete \u00e7ekim i\u00e7in bir \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r verir), koleksiyona giri\u015f tarihi ve modern te\u015fhis tarihi. Zor vakalarda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en erken ve en ge\u00e7 tarihler verilir; \u201c20 Mart 1903\u2019ten \u00f6nce\u201d, \u201c1898\u20131900\u201d ya da \u201cEkim 1907\u2019ye kadar \u00e7ekilmi\u015f\u201d gibi ifadeler, gerek\u00e7esiz kesin bir y\u0131ldan daha do\u011frudur.\",\"m14\":\"5. Film: ba\u015fl\u0131klar yap\u0131mlarla ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir\",\"m15\":\"Karde\u015flerin filmleri birka\u00e7 bi\u00e7imde bulunur: bir kamera makaras\u0131, birka\u00e7 metreyi al\u0131p ona ba\u015fka bir ba\u015fl\u0131k veren modern bir edisyon, ara yaz\u0131lar eklenmi\u015f derleme bir film, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 kataloglanm\u0131\u015f DVD b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri. Bu y\u00fczden filmlerle ilgili bir say\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir: kamera makaralar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 m\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan \u00f6\u011feleri mi, ar\u015fiv kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa kurgulanm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri mi say\u0131yor? Uzunluklar metre olarak m\u0131, s\u00fcre olarak m\u0131 verilmi\u015f, hangi kare h\u0131z\u0131yla? G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan nesne bir kamera negatifi mi, bir pozitif kopya m\u0131, bir \u00e7o\u011faltma kopyas\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa restore edilmi\u015f bir ana kopya m\u0131? Ara yaz\u0131lar \u00f6zg\u00fcn m\u00fc, sonradan m\u0131 eklenmi\u015f? 1911 Rumen heyeti vakas\u0131 bunun neden \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir: Romanya\u2019da kurgulanan <i>Excursie \u00een Macedonia turceasc\u0103<\\\/i> ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir g\u00fczerg\u00e2ha sahiptir; modern kay\u0131tlar ise par\u00e7alar\u0131 Bitola, Gopesh ve Resen olarak b\u00f6lebilir. Farkl\u0131 kataloglama pratikleri birbiriyle ilgisiz birka\u00e7 yap\u0131t varm\u0131\u015f izlenimi yaratabilir; olay\u0131n kendisi 1911\u2019e ait kal\u0131r (Marian \u021au\u021bui, \u201cThe Visual Heritage of Manakia Bros.\u201d).\",\"m16\":\"6. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 foto\u011fraf\",\"m17\":\"Y\u00f6ntemin kendisi (aday yer, sabit noktalar, bak\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fimin kayd\u0131) <a href=\\\"\/research\/field-method\/\\\">Saha y\u00f6ntemi<\\\/a> sayfas\u0131nda anlat\u0131l\u0131r; Laista, Kor\u00e7\u00eb, Plovdiv, Sliven ve Bitola vaka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 <a href=\\\"\/journal\/\\\">G\u00fcnl\u00fck<\\\/a>\u2019tedir. Burada \u00f6nemli olan bir do\u011frulama arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r: yanl\u0131\u015f bir alt yaz\u0131 arazinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri \u00e7ekilir, ama yerel belle\u011fin de kendisi kaynakland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131 ve desteklenmelidir. \u0130kna edici bir montaj geometrik olarak kesin bir yeniden kurulu\u015f de\u011fildir; bak\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca yakla\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funda bunu belirtiriz.\",\"m19\":\"7. Adlar, kimlikler, aidiyet\",\"m20\":\"Manaki karde\u015fler dilin, okulun, mezhebin, siyasi sadakatin, vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve g\u00fcndelik aidiyetin her zaman \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi bir b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi Aromanca konu\u015fan bir ailede b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilir, Rumence e\u011fitim veren bir okula gidebilir, bir Osmanl\u0131 kasabas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir ve sonradan birka\u00e7 ulusal tarih taraf\u0131ndan sahiplenilebilirdi. Adlar\u0131 bile birka\u00e7 bi\u00e7imde dola\u015f\u0131r (Ianaki, Ienache, Janaki, Yannakis, Giannis; Milton, Miltos; Manakia, Manaki, Manakis, Manaqi). Bir kaynaktaki bi\u00e7im, o kayna\u011f\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dili ve siyasi ortam\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; \u00f6tekileri d\u0131\u015flamak i\u00e7in bir neden de\u011fildir. Sitenin genelinde Ianaki ve Milton Manakia bi\u00e7imleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r; T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00fcr\u00fcmde ise Yanaki ve Milton Manaki. Kaynak\u00e7a bas\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131 korur.\",\"m21\":\"Onlar\u0131n \u201cYunan\u201d, \u201cRumen\u201d, \u201cMakedon\u201d, \u201cArnavut\u201d, \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ya da \u201cYugoslav\u201d \u00f6nc\u00fcler olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusu, ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n yerine kolayca simgesel bir m\u00fclk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 koyar. Do\u011fum yerini, dilleri, meslekleri, kurumsal ba\u011flar\u0131, foto\u011fraflanan konular\u0131, tarih\u00ee vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bug\u00fcnk\u00fc koruma durumunu ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 anlatmak daha do\u011frudur. Ge\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 Balkanlar\u0131nda kimlik \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi ve baz\u0131 foto\u011fraflar a\u00e7\u0131k ulusal programlar\u0131 olan kurumlarda \u00e7ekildi; Yunan bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Yanaki\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Rumen okulunun ba\u011flam\u0131 ayn\u0131 tarihin par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Ama hi\u00e7bir tek etiket foto\u011fraflar\u0131 ve i\u00e7lerindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamaz. Okumalar: Siokis (2024), Gu\u0161tin (2023), \u00d6zen (2010, 2012), Grgi\u0107 (2020, 2022), <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">Kaynak\u00e7a<\\\/a>\u2019da.\",\"m22\":\"8. Milton\u2019un do\u011fum y\u0131l\u0131\",\"m23\":\"Literat\u00fcr ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131 vermez: 1882 kurumsal biyografilerde ve Manast\u0131r\u2019daki (Bitola) Devlet Ar\u015fivi\u2019nin 2022 tarihli bir y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc yay\u0131n\u0131nda ge\u00e7er; 1880 ise yak\u0131n tarihli k\u00fcratoryal malzemede, aralar\u0131nda Arnavutluk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Marubi sergisi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2023 program\u0131nda. <i>D\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6tesinde<\\\/i>, projenin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc okumas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tarak 1880\u2019i kullan\u0131r ve fark\u0131 belirtir: Milton Manaki (1880\u20131964; literat\u00fcrde 1882 de yayg\u0131n olarak verilir). Birincil bir n\u00fcfus, kilise ya da okul kayd\u0131 bulunup yay\u0131mlanana kadar bu, a\u00e7\u0131k bir belgesel sorun olarak kal\u0131r.\",\"m24\":\"9. Kesinlik dereceleri\",\"m25\":\"Ara\u015ft\u0131rma notlar\u0131 d\u00f6rt derece kullan\u0131r; b\u00f6ylece okur g\u00f6zlemleneni ge\u00e7ici olarak kalandan ay\u0131rt edebilir.\",\"m26\":\"<b>Belgelenmi\u015f:<\\\/b> ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak tarihlendirilmi\u015f foto\u011fraflar, imzal\u0131 ya da tarihli belgeler, bir \u00f6zg\u00fcnle ya da yetkili bir transkripsiyonla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak denetlenmi\u015f katalog k\u00fcnyeleri.\",\"m27\":\"<b>Sa\u011flam te\u015fhis:<\\\/b> birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z birka\u00e7 t\u00fcrden kan\u0131t bir ki\u015fiyi, bir yeri ya da bir tarihi destekler; arg\u00fcman ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar denetlenebilir.\",\"m28\":\"<b>Ge\u00e7ici:<\\\/b> h\u00e2l\u00e2 eksik kan\u0131tlara ba\u011fl\u0131, akla yatk\u0131n bir at\u0131f.\",\"m29\":\"<b>A\u00e7\u0131k soru:<\\\/b> \u00e7ekici bir hik\u00e2yeyle \u00f6rtmek yerine g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmaya de\u011fer bir \u00e7eli\u015fki ya da bo\u015fluk.\",\"m30\":\"Dil dereceyi izler: \u201cmuhtemelen \u2026 \u00e7ekilmi\u015f\u201d, \u201c\u2026 g\u00f6steriyor olabilir\u201d, \u201c\u00f6nceden Plovdiv olarak kataloglanm\u0131\u015f; \u00f6nerilen te\u015fhis: Sliven\u201d. \u201cKesin\u201d bir ar\u015fiv y\u00f6ntemi de\u011fildir; \u201cefsanevi\u201d de de\u011fildir.\",\"m31\":\"10. Yapay zek\u00e2 ve ar\u015fiv g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc\",\"m32\":\"B\u00fcy\u00fctmek, kontrast\u0131 ayarlamak, iki kareyi \u00fcst \u00fcste bindirmek ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc aramak, kolayca g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7an ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilir; otomatik ara\u00e7lar da b\u00fcy\u00fck koleksiyonlarda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6\u011feleri bulmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Yine de algoritmik bir e\u015fle\u015fme bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma varsay\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir tarih\u00ee tan\u0131k de\u011fildir.\",\"m33\":\"Proje sergilerinde yapay zek\u00e2 yard\u0131m\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f animasyonlar da g\u00f6steriyor. Bunlar eski foto\u011fraflar\u0131n konular\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn izleyicisi i\u00e7in yeniden okunur k\u0131labilir, ama yarat\u0131c\u0131 yorumlard\u0131r ve asla \u00f6zg\u00fcn Manaki filmleri olarak sunulmaz. \u00d6zg\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc k\u00fcnyesiyle birlikte eri\u015filebilir kal\u0131r. \u00dcretilmi\u015f hareket, uydurulmu\u015f ses ya da konu\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilir. \u00dcretilmi\u015f ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar (bir cephe, bir y\u00fcz \u00f6zelli\u011fi, bir rozet, bir tabela) kan\u0131t olarak kullan\u0131lmaz. Teknik restorasyon (temizlenmi\u015f bir \u00e7izik, sabitlenmi\u015f bir kare) sentetik yarat\u0131mdan (uydurulmu\u015f eksik bir y\u00fcz) farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fayan insanlar ve torunlar, sayg\u0131nl\u0131k ve \u00f6zenli bir temsil meselesi olarak kal\u0131r. Bir alt yaz\u0131 yal\u0131n olabilir: \u201cManaki karde\u015flerin tarih\u00ee foto\u011fraf\u0131, [ar\u015fiv k\u00fcnyesi]. <i>D\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6tesinde<\\\/i> i\u00e7in yapay zek\u00e2 yard\u0131m\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f animasyon, [y\u0131l]. Hareket ve ses modern yeniden kurgulard\u0131r.\u201d\",\"m34\":\"11. Haklar ve dijital koruma\",\"m35\":\"Dijital eri\u015fim haklar\u0131 ve men\u015fei ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. British Library\u2019nin EAP1470 projesinden bir tarama, Manast\u0131r\u2019daki (Bitola) saklay\u0131c\u0131 kurumu, ar\u015fiv k\u00fcnyesini ve EAP tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 korur; bir taramay\u0131 finanse etmek ya da bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak negatifin m\u00fclkiyetini vermez. At\u0131f kal\u0131plar\u0131 ve izin sorusu <a href=\\\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\\\">Nas\u0131l at\u0131f yap\u0131l\u0131r<\\\/a> sayfas\u0131ndad\u0131r.\",\"m36\":\"<i>Baz\u0131 sorular yan\u0131ts\u0131z kal\u0131r: bir negatif neden yanl\u0131\u015f kasabayla kataloglanm\u0131\u015f, bir film neden birka\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131yor, torunlar, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve film ar\u015fivleri ayn\u0131 olay\u0131 neden farkl\u0131 hat\u0131rl\u0131yor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin \u015fiirini almay\u0131 ya da onlar\u0131 kapanm\u0131\u015f bir tarihin resimlemelerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7lam\u0131yor. G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyse, ger\u00e7ekte neyi kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rme ihtiyac\u0131 da o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr; bazen arka plan konudan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler ve bir katalog hatas\u0131 bir ke\u015ffe yol a\u00e7abilir. Daha sa\u011flam belgesel kan\u0131tlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yorumlar g\u00fcncellenir.<\\\/i>\",\"nvrephotography\":\"Yeniden foto\u011fraflama\",\"nvaromanians\":\"Aromanlar\",\"nvfield-method\":\"Saha y\u00f6ntemi\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"Nas\u0131l at\u0131f yap\u0131l\u0131r\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"Yer adlar\u0131 dizini\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"Film kronolojisi\",\"nvbibliography\":\"Kaynak\u00e7a\",\"nvarchives\":\"Ar\u015fiv kaynaklar\u0131\",\"nvpapers\":\"Ara\u015ft\u0131rma yaz\u0131lar\u0131\",\"nvmethods\":\"Y\u00f6ntemler ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\"},\"mk\":{\"bc\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\",\"t\":\"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\",\"l\":\"\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e 1905\/1907 \u0434\u043e \u0443\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430.\",\"m1\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0458\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430: \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0458 \u0458\u0430 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\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u045c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438, \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0458\u0437\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435. \u041e\u0432\u0430\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e.\",\"m2\":\"1. 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\u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0446\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d. \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e <a href=\\\"\/research\/archives\/\\\">\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438<\\\/a>.\",\"m4\":\"2. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\",\"m5\":\"\u0410\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0434 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\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0459 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u045c\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0441\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430.\",\"m6\":\"\u041d\u0430\u0431\u0459\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0436\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u201e\u041d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430 <i>The Liars<\\\/i>\u201c \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0459\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435; \u201e\u0442\u043e\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0458\u0430 \u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 Camera 300\u201c \u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u045c\u0435 \u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0458\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0458\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0458\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0458\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0430.\",\"m7\":\"\u041f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0435. \u0415\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0435\u045c\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440, \u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0448 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0458\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430, \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441, \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 (\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435), \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0435. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0431\u0430 \u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442. \u0421\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0458\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u0430 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b \u0435 \u0432\u043e <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\\\">\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442<\\\/a>.\",\"m8\":\"3. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e 1905 \/ 1907\",\"m9\":\"\u041f\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u045c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e 1905 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c, \u0442\u0443\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0446\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u045c\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0430.\",\"m10\":\"<i>\u041e\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430<\\\/i> \u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 Camera 300 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0432\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u0432\u043e 1907 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0415\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0426\u0438\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d: \u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0411\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0408\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442 Criterion \u0432\u043e \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043c\u0443 <i>The Liars<\\\/i> \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434 13 \u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0434\u043e 15 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0432\u0440\u0438 1907. \u041c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u0444\u0438\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0441 \u0423\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d, \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0447 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 Bioscope. \u041f\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0453\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0410\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0430\u0453\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e.\",\"m11\":\"\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430: \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e 1905; \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 C\u0103t\u0103lin D. Constantin \u0438 \u0415\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0426\u0438\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0458\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043e 1907 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0448\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442: \u201e\u041c\u0430\u0436\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0442\u201c \u0432\u043e <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#londra\\\">\u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442<\\\/a>, \u021a\u00eercomnicu, <i>Ioan D. Manakia \u00een documente<\\\/i> (2024), \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440 \u0403\u043e\u0440\u0453\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 Camera 300 (2022).\",\"m12\":\"4. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c\",\"m13\":\"\u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0430. \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 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\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430, <i>Excursie \u00een Macedonia turceasc\u0103<\\\/i>, \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442, \u0434\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0413\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0448 \u0438 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 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\u0441\u0440\u0435\u045c\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 1882). \u0414\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0458\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0458\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0453\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0446\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440, \u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c.\",\"m24\":\"9. \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\",\"m25\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0438 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\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430.\",\"m27\":\"<b>\u0426\u0432\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430:<\\\/b> \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c, \u0430 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\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0430\u0442, \u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0453\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0431\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0438. \u0421\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043a, \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0453\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043a.\",\"m33\":\"\u0412\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0431\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0448 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0418. \u0422\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 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\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0458\u043e\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442. \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u045a\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440, \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442. \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 (\u0444\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0430, \u0446\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0442\u043e, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0430) \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437. \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 (\u0438\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440) \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 (\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430). \u0416\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0453\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435. \u041b\u0435\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430: \u201e\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043e\u0434 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u045c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438, [\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430]. \u0410\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0448 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0418 \u0437\u0430 <i>\u041e\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430<\\\/i>, [\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430]. \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.\u201c\",\"m34\":\"11. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\",\"m35\":\"\u0414\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043f \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e. \u0421\u043a\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0434 EAP1470 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0440 \u0432\u043e \u0411\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 EAP, \u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u0440\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u043e <a href=\\\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\\\">\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430<\\\/a>.\",\"m36\":\"<i>\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440: \u0437\u043e\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, \u0437\u043e\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u045c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438, \u0437\u043e\u0448\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c \u0458\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430; \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0448 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u045c\u0435 \u043e\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442, \u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0436\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u045c\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0458\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438.<\\\/i>\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u0420\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"nvfield-method\":\"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"\u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"nvbibliography\":\"\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0458\u0430\",\"nvarchives\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\",\"nvpapers\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\",\"nvmethods\":\"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\"},\"sq\":{\"bc\":\"K\u00ebrkimi\",\"t\":\"Metoda dhe debate\",\"l\":\"Si i lexojm\u00eb fotografit\u00eb, si i atribuojm\u00eb dhe i datojm\u00eb imazhet dhe \u00e7far\u00eb mbetet e diskutueshme, nga \u00e7\u00ebshtja 1905\/1907 deri te roli i inteligjenc\u00ebs artificiale.\",\"m1\":\"Nj\u00eb imazh historik \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh imazh dhe objekt me nj\u00eb histori: i b\u00ebr\u00eb nga dikush, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye, me nj\u00eb kamer\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, pastaj i kopjuar, i shitur, i botuar, i ruajtur ose i harruar, dhe me disa p\u00ebrshkrime gjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs. <i>P\u00ebrtej s\u00eb djeshmes!<\\\/i> ndjek gjith\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rrug\u00eb, nga fotografit\u00eb e v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve Manaki, p\u00ebrmes arkivave t\u00eb tyre, deri te peizazhet ku u b\u00ebn\u00eb. Kjo faqe tregon \u00e7far\u00eb konsideron projekti prov\u00eb, \u00e7far\u00eb interpretim dhe kur e l\u00eb nj\u00eb pyetje t\u00eb hapur.\",\"m2\":\"1. Arkivi si nj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi objektesh\",\"m3\":\"E nj\u00ebjta sken\u00eb mund t\u00eb mbijetoj\u00eb si negativ xhami n\u00eb Manastir, si kopje n\u00eb nj\u00eb album familjar, si kartolin\u00eb me p\u00ebrshkrim tregtar, si riprodhim n\u00eb gazet\u00eb, si kopje n\u00eb nj\u00eb muze dhe si skanim dixhital. K\u00ebto nuk jan\u00eb gjasht\u00eb burime identike: xhami ruan gjurm\u00eb teknike, albumi nj\u00eb renditje, gazeta nj\u00eb dat\u00eb, pas nj\u00eb kopjeje mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb em\u00ebr, dhe nj\u00eb skanim mund t'i pres\u00eb skajet. Prandaj projekti mban regjistrime t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta p\u00ebr sken\u00ebn e paraqitur, p\u00ebr \u00e7do objekt t\u00eb mbijetuar, p\u00ebr \u00e7do botim dhe p\u00ebr riprodhimin dixhital. Pyetja e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb materiale: a \u00ebsht\u00eb negativi origjinal apo kopje me kontakt, a \u00ebsht\u00eb prer\u00eb apo retushuar kopja, a mund t\u00eb datohet shkrimi i dor\u00ebs ose vula e studios? P\u00ebrshkrimi arkivor \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e historis\u00eb s\u00eb m\u00ebvonshme t\u00eb objektit dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb me ngjarjen e paraqitur. Institucionet paraqiten te <a href=\\\"\/research\/archives\/\\\">Burime arkivore<\\\/a>.\",\"m4\":\"2. Si b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb atribuim\",\"m5\":\"Nj\u00eb atribuim nis nga objekti: formati, shenjat, mbishkrimet, p\u00ebrshkrimi n\u00eb katalog\u00ebt e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm, gjendja dhe identifikuesi i institucionit q\u00eb e ruan. Pastaj k\u00ebrkohen d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb pavarura (harta, gazeta, regjistra shkollor\u00eb, letra, histori nd\u00ebrtesash, programe teatrore t\u00eb datuara, fotografi t\u00eb tjera) q\u00eb mund ta konfirmojn\u00eb ose ta kund\u00ebrshtojn\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin. Nj\u00eb fytyr\u00eb, profili i nj\u00eb mali, nj\u00eb veshje, nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb dyqani ose nj\u00eb detaj arkitektonik krahasohen me disa identifikime t\u00eb mundshme, dhe provat kund\u00ebr k\u00ebrkohen me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulje si provat pro.\",\"m6\":\"V\u00ebzhgimi mbahet i ndar\u00eb nga p\u00ebrfundimi. \u201eN\u00eb tabel\u00eb shkruhet <i>The Liars<\\\/i>\u201c \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebzhgim; \u201ekjo ishte vizita gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs u ble kamera 300\u201c \u00ebsht\u00eb interpretim dhe k\u00ebrkon m\u00eb shum\u00eb se tabela. Arsyetimi botohet me burimet e tij, dhe etiketa e vjet\u00ebr e katalogut ruhet edhe kur shpjegojm\u00eb pse duket e gabuar. Prova t\u00eb reja mund ta ndryshojn\u00eb nj\u00eb identifikim, prandaj \u00e7do rishikim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm mbetet i datuar dhe me em\u00ebr.\",\"m7\":\"Nj\u00eb fytyr\u00eb e famshme k\u00ebrkon kujdes t\u00eb shtuar, sepse fama e b\u00ebn nj\u00eb ngjashm\u00ebri t\u00eb duket m\u00eb bind\u00ebse nga \u00e7'\u00ebsht\u00eb. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim mund t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb nga nj\u00eb kujtim n\u00eb inventarin e nj\u00eb arkivi dhe prej andej n\u00eb dhjet\u00ebra botime, pa u krahasuar asnj\u00ebher\u00eb imazhi me portrete t\u00eb pavarura. Kur botojm\u00eb nj\u00eb identifikim, tregojm\u00eb pllak\u00ebn origjinale, p\u00ebrshkrimin e vjet\u00ebr, imazhin e plot\u00eb (jo nj\u00eb fytyr\u00eb t\u00eb prer\u00eb), imazhet e krahasimit me prejardhjen e tyre, metod\u00ebn dhe ekspertin me em\u00ebr. Nj\u00eb krahasim mjekoligjor \u00ebsht\u00eb prov\u00eb e vlefshme, por nuk e z\u00ebvend\u00ebson kontekstin historik. Rasti i Mustafa Qemalit gjendet n\u00eb <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\\\">Ditar<\\\/a>.\",\"m8\":\"3. \u00c7\u00ebshtja 1905 \/ 1907\",\"m9\":\"Filmi i par\u00eb i v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve Manaki datohet sipas tradit\u00ebs n\u00eb vitin 1905, nj\u00eb dat\u00eb e p\u00ebrs\u00ebritur nga kronologjia e Kinotek\u00ebs s\u00eb Maqedonis\u00eb s\u00eb Veriut dhe nga shum\u00eb vepra referuese. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb dat\u00eb e shpikur, por nj\u00eb tradit\u00eb historiografike q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet kryesisht n\u00eb kujtime t\u00eb m\u00ebvonshme.\",\"m10\":\"<i>P\u00ebrtej s\u00eb djeshmes!<\\\/i> e daton blerjen e kamer\u00ebs 300 dhe filmin e par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1907, n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me argumentin e Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu-t t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb dokumente. Prova e re \u00ebsht\u00eb konkrete: nj\u00eb negativ xhami i thyer, i ruajtur n\u00eb Manastir, tregon Ianakin para Criterion Theatre n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr, dhe programi i teatrit tregon se <i>The Liars<\\\/i> u shfaq atje nga 13 prilli deri m\u00eb 15 tetor 1907. Vendi ndodhet pran\u00eb firm\u00ebs s\u00eb Charles Urban, furnizuesit t\u00eb kamer\u00ebs Bioscope. Imazhet e para n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje, mes tyre filmi me gjyshen e tij Despa n\u00eb Avdela, vijn\u00eb pas blerjes.\",\"m11\":\"Formulimi mbetet i kujdessh\u00ebm: sipas tradit\u00ebs i datuar n\u00eb 1905; pas k\u00ebrkimeve t\u00eb C\u0103t\u0103lin D. Constantin dhe Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu, kamera u ble dhe filmi m\u00eb i hersh\u00ebm u b\u00eb n\u00eb 1907. Nj\u00eb fatur\u00eb shitjeje e datuar ose nj\u00eb d\u00ebshmitar bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebs do t\u00eb ishin vendimtar\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi: \u201eBurri para teatrit\u201c n\u00eb <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#londra\\\">Ditar<\\\/a>, \u021a\u00eercomnicu, <i>Ioan D. Manakia \u00een documente<\\\/i> (2024), dhe studimi i Dimitar Gjorgievski-t p\u00ebr kamer\u00ebn 300 (2022).\",\"m12\":\"4. Disa lloje datash\",\"m13\":\"Arkivat fotografike zakonisht mbajn\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb t\u00eb vetme date p\u00ebr gj\u00ebra t\u00eb ndryshme. K\u00ebtu dallojm\u00eb dat\u00ebn e shkrepjes (m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, por ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb e pasigurt), t\u00eb ngjarjes (nj\u00eb vizit\u00eb e datuar mund t\u00eb jap\u00eb nj\u00eb interval t\u00eb sigurt), t\u00eb kopjes (mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb dekada m\u00eb von\u00eb se negativi), t\u00eb botimit (nj\u00eb gazet\u00eb e vitit 1903 jep nj\u00eb kufi t\u00eb sip\u00ebrm p\u00ebr shkrepjen), t\u00eb hyrjes n\u00eb nj\u00eb koleksion dhe t\u00eb identifikimit modern. P\u00ebr rastet e v\u00ebshtira jepen data m\u00eb e hershme dhe m\u00eb e von\u00eb e mundshme; \u201epara 20 marsit 1903\u201c, \u201e1898\u20131900\u201c ose \u201efotografuar deri n\u00eb tetor 1907\u201c jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb sakta se nj\u00eb vit i sakt\u00eb pa justifikim.\",\"m14\":\"5. Filmi: titujt nuk jan\u00eb prodhime\",\"m15\":\"Filmat e v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve ekzistojn\u00eb n\u00eb disa forma: nj\u00eb rrotull kamere, nj\u00eb botim modern q\u00eb nxjerr disa metra dhe u jep nj\u00eb titull tjet\u00ebr, nj\u00eb film i p\u00ebrmbledhur me nd\u00ebrtituj t\u00eb shtuar, kapituj DVD-je t\u00eb katalogizuar ve\u00e7mas. Prandaj nj\u00eb shif\u00ebr p\u00ebr filmat duhet sqaruar m\u00eb par\u00eb: a num\u00ebron rrotulla kamere, tituj origjinal\u00eb, elemente t\u00eb mbijetuara, regjistrime arkivore apo kapituj t\u00eb montuar? A jepen gjat\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00eb metra apo n\u00eb koh\u00ebzgjatje, dhe me \u00e7far\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsie kuadrosh? A \u00ebsht\u00eb objekti i mbijetuar negativ kamere, kopje pozitive, dublikat\u00eb apo master i restauruar? A jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtitujt origjinal\u00eb apo t\u00eb shtuar m\u00eb von\u00eb? Rasti i delegacionit rumun t\u00eb vitit 1911 tregon pse ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi: filmi i montuar n\u00eb Rumani, <i>Excursie \u00een Macedonia turceasc\u0103<\\\/i>, ka nj\u00eb itinerar t\u00eb lidhur, nd\u00ebrsa regjistrimet moderne mund t'i ndajn\u00eb pjes\u00ebt sipas Bitol\u00ebs, Gopeshit dhe Resenit. Praktika t\u00eb ndryshme katalogimi mund t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb p\u00ebrshtypjen e disa veprave t\u00eb palidhura; vet\u00eb ngjarja mbetet e vitit 1911 (Marian \u021au\u021bui, \u201eThe Visual Heritage of Manakia Bros.\u201c).\",\"m16\":\"6. Fotografia krahasuese\",\"m17\":\"Vet\u00eb procedura (vendi i mundsh\u00ebm, pikat fikse, pika e v\u00ebshtrimit, regjistrimi i ndryshimit) p\u00ebrshkruhet te <a href=\\\"\/research\/field-method\/\\\">Metoda n\u00eb terren<\\\/a>, nd\u00ebrsa rastet nga Laista, Kor\u00e7a, Plovdivi, Sliveni dhe Manastiri gjenden n\u00eb <a href=\\\"\/journal\/\\\">Ditar<\\\/a>. Ajo q\u00eb ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i saj si verifikim: nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i gabuar i l\u00eb vendin terrenit, nd\u00ebrsa kujtesa vendore duhet edhe ajo t'i atribuohet dikujt dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetohet. Nj\u00eb montazh bind\u00ebs nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rind\u00ebrtim gjeometrikisht i sakt\u00eb, dhe e themi kur pika e v\u00ebshtrimit \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm e p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt.\",\"m19\":\"7. Emra, identitete, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsi\",\"m20\":\"V\u00ebllez\u00ebrit Manaki jetuan n\u00eb nj\u00eb rajon ku gjuha, shkolla, besimi, besnik\u00ebria politike, shtet\u00ebsia dhe p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrditshme nuk p\u00ebrputheshin domosdoshm\u00ebrisht. I nj\u00ebjti person mund t\u00eb rritej n\u00eb nj\u00eb familje q\u00eb fliste arumunisht, t\u00eb ndiqte nj\u00eb shkoll\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn rumune, t\u00eb punonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb qytet osman dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihej m\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb disa histori komb\u00ebtare. Edhe emrat e tyre qarkullojn\u00eb n\u00eb disa forma (Ianaki, Ienache, Janaki, Yannakis, Giannis; Milton, Miltos; Manakia, Manaki, Manakis, Manaqi). Forma q\u00eb gjendet n\u00eb nj\u00eb burim tregon gjuh\u00ebn dhe mjedisin politik ku u shkrua dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar t\u00eb tjerat. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrdorim zakonisht Ianaki dhe Milton Manaki; bibliografia ruan drejtshkrimin e botuar.\",\"m21\":\"Pyetja n\u00ebse ata ishin pionier\u00eb \u201egrek\u00eb\u201c, \u201erumun\u00eb\u201c, \u201emaqedonas\u201c, \u201eshqiptar\u00eb\u201c, \u201eturq\u201c apo \u201ejugosllav\u00eb\u201c e z\u00ebvend\u00ebson leht\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin me nj\u00eb ndarje t\u00eb pron\u00ebs simbolike. \u00cbsht\u00eb m\u00eb e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen ve\u00e7mas vendlindja, gjuh\u00ebt, zanatet, lidhjet institucionale, subjektet e fotografuara, shtet\u00ebsia historike dhe ruajtja e sotme. Identiteti kishte shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi n\u00eb Ballkanin e periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb von\u00eb osmane, dhe disa fotografi u b\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb institucione me programe komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb shpallura; armiq\u00ebsia e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb shtypit grek ndaj Ianakit dhe konteksti i shkoll\u00ebs rumune i p\u00ebrkasin s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs histori. Por asnj\u00eb etiket\u00eb e vetme nuk i p\u00ebrshkruan fotografit\u00eb dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit n\u00eb to. Lexime: Siokis (2024), Gu\u0161tin (2023), \u00d6zen (2010, 2012), Grgi\u0107 (2020, 2022), n\u00eb <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">Bibliografi<\\\/a>.\",\"m22\":\"8. Viti i lindjes s\u00eb Miltonit\",\"m23\":\"Literatura nuk jep t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit: 1882 shfaqet n\u00eb biografi institucionale dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb botim p\u00ebrvjetori t\u00eb vitit 2022 t\u00eb Arkivit Shtet\u00ebror n\u00eb Manastir, 1880 n\u00eb materiale kuratoriale t\u00eb koh\u00ebve t\u00eb fundit, mes tyre programi i vitit 2023 i Ministris\u00eb s\u00eb Kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebr ekspozit\u00ebn n\u00eb Marubi. <i>P\u00ebrtej s\u00eb djeshmes!<\\\/i> p\u00ebrdor vitin 1880, sipas leximit aktual t\u00eb projektit, dhe e sh\u00ebnon dallimin: Milton Manaki (1880\u20131964; n\u00eb literatur\u00eb jepet gjer\u00ebsisht edhe 1882). Derisa t\u00eb gjendet dhe t\u00eb botohet nj\u00eb regjist\u00ebr par\u00ebsor civil, kishtar ose shkollor, kjo mbetet nj\u00eb problem dokumentar i hapur.\",\"m24\":\"9. Shkall\u00ebt e siguris\u00eb\",\"m25\":\"Sh\u00ebnimet k\u00ebrkimore p\u00ebrdorin kat\u00ebr shkall\u00eb, q\u00eb lexuesi t\u00eb dalloj\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebzhguar nga \u00e7far\u00eb mbetet e p\u00ebrkohshme.\",\"m26\":\"<b>E dokumentuar:<\\\/b> fotografi t\u00eb datuara n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur, dokumente t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruara ose t\u00eb datuara, referenca katalogu t\u00eb verifikuara me origjinalin ose me nj\u00eb transkriptim t\u00eb autorizuar.\",\"m27\":\"<b>Identifikim i sigurt:<\\\/b> disa lloje provash t\u00eb pavarura mb\u00ebshtetin nj\u00eb person, nj\u00eb vend ose nj\u00eb dat\u00eb, dhe argumenti e krahasimet mund t\u00eb verifikohen.\",\"m28\":\"<b>E p\u00ebrkohshme:<\\\/b> nj\u00eb atribuim i besuesh\u00ebm q\u00eb varet ende nga prova q\u00eb mungojn\u00eb.\",\"m29\":\"<b>Pyetje e hapur:<\\\/b> nj\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb ose nj\u00eb boshll\u00ebk q\u00eb ia vlen t\u00eb mbahet parasysh, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb mbulohet me nj\u00eb histori t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse.\",\"m30\":\"Gjuha ndjek shkall\u00ebn: \u201endoshta i fotografuar n\u00eb\u2026\u201c, \u201emund t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb\u2026\u201c, \u201ekatalogizuar m\u00eb par\u00eb si Plovdiv; identifikim i propozuar: Sliven\u201c. \u201eE sigurt\u201c nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb metod\u00eb arkivore, as \u201elegjendare\u201c.\",\"m31\":\"10. Inteligjenca artificiale dhe imazhi arkivor\",\"m32\":\"Zmadhimi, rregullimi i kontrastit, mbivendosja e dy kuadrove dhe k\u00ebrkimi i imazheve mund t\u00eb nxjerrin n\u00eb pah detaje q\u00eb humbasin leht\u00eb, dhe mjetet automatike mund t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb n\u00eb gjetjen e termave krahasues n\u00eb koleksione t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje algoritmike \u00ebsht\u00eb hipotez\u00eb pune, jo d\u00ebshmitar historik i pavarur.\",\"m33\":\"N\u00eb ekspozitat e tij projekti tregon edhe animacione t\u00eb b\u00ebra me ndihm\u00ebn e IA-s\u00eb. Ato mund t'i b\u00ebjn\u00eb s\u00ebrish t\u00eb lexuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr publikun e sot\u00ebm subjektet e fotografive t\u00eb vjetra, por jan\u00eb interpretime krijuese dhe nuk paraqiten kurr\u00eb si filma origjinal\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve Manaki. Imazhi origjinal mbetet i arritsh\u00ebm, me citimin e tij. L\u00ebvizja e gjeneruar, si edhe tingulli ose fjal\u00ebt e shpikura, deklarohen. Detajet e gjeneruara (nj\u00eb fasad\u00eb, nj\u00eb tipar i fytyr\u00ebs, nj\u00eb stem\u00eb, nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb) nuk p\u00ebrdoren si prova. Restaurimi teknik (nj\u00eb g\u00ebrvishtje e pastruar, nj\u00eb kuad\u00ebr i stabilizuar) ndryshon nga krijimi sintetik (nj\u00eb fytyr\u00eb q\u00eb mungon, e shpikur). Njer\u00ebzit e gjall\u00eb dhe pasardh\u00ebsit mbeten \u00e7\u00ebshtje dinjiteti dhe p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb: \u201eFotografi historike e v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve Manaki, [referenca arkivore]. Animacion i b\u00ebr\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e IA-s\u00eb p\u00ebr <i>P\u00ebrtej s\u00eb djeshmes!<\\\/i>, [viti]. L\u00ebvizja dhe tingulli jan\u00eb rind\u00ebrtime moderne.\u201c\",\"m34\":\"11. T\u00eb drejtat dhe ruajtja dixhitale\",\"m35\":\"Aksesi dixhital nuk i fshin t\u00eb drejtat dhe prejardhjen. Nj\u00eb skanim nga EAP1470 i British Library ruan institucionin mbajt\u00ebs n\u00eb Manastir, referenc\u00ebn arkivore dhe identifikuesin EAP, dhe financimi ose strehimi i nj\u00eb skanimi nuk jep pron\u00ebsi mbi negativin. Formulat e citimit dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtja e lejeve gjenden te <a href=\\\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\\\">Si t\u00eb citohet<\\\/a>.\",\"m36\":\"<i>Disa pyetje mbeten pa p\u00ebrgjigje: pse nj\u00eb negativ u katalogizua me qytetin e gabuar, pse nj\u00eb film qarkullon me disa tituj, pse pasardh\u00ebsit, studiuesit dhe arkivat e filmit e kujtojn\u00eb ndryshe t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn ngjarje. K\u00ebrkimi nuk synon t'ua heq\u00eb poezin\u00eb imazheve, as t'i kthej\u00eb n\u00eb ilustrime t\u00eb nj\u00eb historie t\u00eb mbyllur. Sa m\u00eb i fort\u00eb imazhi, aq m\u00eb e madhe nevoja p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb provon n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb; ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb sfondi thot\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se subjekti, dhe nj\u00eb gabim katalogu mund t'i hap\u00eb rrug\u00ebn nj\u00eb zbulimi. Interpretimet p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsohen kur shfaqen prova dokumentare m\u00eb t\u00eb forta.<\\\/i>\",\"nvrephotography\":\"Rifotografimi\",\"nvaromanians\":\"Arumun\u00ebt\",\"nvfield-method\":\"Metoda n\u00eb terren\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"Regjistri i toponimeve\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"Kronologjia e filmave\",\"nvbibliography\":\"Bibliografia\",\"nvarchives\":\"Burime arkivore\",\"nvpapers\":\"Studime k\u00ebrkimore\",\"nvmethods\":\"Metoda dhe debate\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"Si t\u00eb citohet\"},\"ka\":{\"bc\":\"\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\",\"t\":\"\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"l\":\"\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d7 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10dd\u10d3, 1905\/1907 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4.\",\"m1\":\"\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10ea\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10ea: \u10d5\u10d8\u10e6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10ea \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd. <i>Beyond Yesterday<\\\/i> \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da \u10d0\u10db \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10f0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db \u10de\u10d4\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10df\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e2\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e6\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3.\",\"m2\":\"1. \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\",\"m3\":\"\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e6\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10e3\u10db\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d8\u10e4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1: \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1, \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1, \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d2\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1, \u10e1\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4 \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d8\u10e4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1. \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0: \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8, \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ed\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10e2\u10d0\u10db\u10de\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0? \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e3\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1. \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 <a href=\\\"\/research\/archives\/\\\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8<\\\/a>.\",\"m4\":\"2. \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\",\"m5\":\"\u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0: \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d3\u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8. \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10db\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8), \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10e3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7. \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4, \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10dd \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10df\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d5\u10d4\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10e1.\",\"m6\":\"\u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u201e\u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 <i>The Liars<\\\/i>\u201c \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0; \u201e\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 Camera 300 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u201c \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e1. \u10db\u10e1\u10ef\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10d5\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ea\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3. \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10e1, \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.\",\"m7\":\"\u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0. \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10d8\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d8\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc. \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da \u10e4\u10d8\u10e0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e1, \u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1, \u10db\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 (\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ed\u10e0\u10d8\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10e1), \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e1. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10dd \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10db\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\\\">\u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0<\\\/a>.\",\"m8\":\"3. 1905 \/ 1907 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\",\"m9\":\"\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10e1 \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 1905 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc; \u10d0\u10db \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d8. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e7\u10e0\u10d3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0.\",\"m10\":\"<i>Beyond Yesterday<\\\/i> Camera 300-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10e1 1907 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10da \u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea\u10e3\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10d3. \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0: \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10e3\u10da \u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8\u10da \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 \u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8, Criterion Theatre-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc \u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db <i>The Liars<\\\/i> \u10d8\u10e5 1907 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 13 \u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 15 \u10dd\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e0\u10da\u10d6 \u10e3\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea Bioscope-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0. \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1 \u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10d0.\",\"m11\":\"\u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0: \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 1905 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d7; \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10dc \u10d3. \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10da \u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea\u10e3\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, \u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 1907 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1. \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e7\u10d8\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3: \u201e\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u201c <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#londra\\\">\u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8<\\\/a>, \u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea\u10e3, <i>Ioan D. Manakia \u00een documente<\\\/i> (2024), \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 Camera 300-\u10d6\u10d4 (2022).\",\"m12\":\"4. \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\",\"m13\":\"\u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8, \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10dd \u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0. \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1 (\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e1), \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1 (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d5\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10ea\u10d4\u10e1), \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1 (\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d7\u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1), \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1 (1903 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0), \u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1. \u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8; \u201e1903 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 20 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u201c, \u201e1898\u20131900\u201c \u10d0\u10dc \u201e\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 1907 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u201c \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10d8.\",\"m14\":\"5. \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d8: \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\",\"m15\":\"\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1: \u10d9\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10ed\u10d0, \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d8, \u10ea\u10d0\u10da-\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 DVD-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1: \u10d9\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10ed\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da \u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10df\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1? \u10e1\u10d8\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7? \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0, \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10da\u10d8, \u10d3\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8? \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8? 1911 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8: \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10df\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10e1, <i>Excursie \u00een Macedonia turceasc\u0103<\\\/i>, \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10e0\u10e3\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1, \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d2\u10dd\u10de\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1; \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8 1911 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ea\u10e3\u10ea\u10e3\u10d8, \u201eThe Visual Heritage of Manakia Bros.\u201c).\",\"m16\":\"6. \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0\",\"m17\":\"\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 (\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10e3\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0) \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 <a href=\\\"\/research\/field-method\/\\\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8<\\\/a>, \u10da\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1, \u10de\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d3\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 <a href=\\\"\/journal\/\\\">\u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0<\\\/a>. \u10d0\u10e5 \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0: \u10db\u10ea\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10df\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0.\",\"m19\":\"7. \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\",\"m20\":\"\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d4\u10dc\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0, \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d4\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1. \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d0, \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10da \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e9\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 (Ianaki, Ienache, Janaki, Yannakis, Giannis; Milton, Miltos; Manakia, Manaki, Manakis, Manaqi). \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db \u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0, \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1. \u10d0\u10e5, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8, \u10d5\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8; \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1.\",\"m21\":\"\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0, \u201e\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u201c, \u201e\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201c, \u201e\u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201c, \u201e\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201c, \u201e\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u201c \u10d7\u10e3 \u201e\u10d8\u10e3\u10d2\u10dd\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201c \u10de\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10d7. \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d0\u10da-\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d5\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10ea\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d0; \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4 \u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1. \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8: Siokis (2024), Gu\u0161tin (2023), \u00d6zen (2010, 2012), Grgi\u0107 (2020, 2022), <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">\u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8<\\\/a>.\",\"m22\":\"8. \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\",\"m23\":\"\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1: 1882 \u10d2\u10d5\u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 2022 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10e3\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, 1880 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da \u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 2023 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1. <i>Beyond Yesterday<\\\/i> \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 1880-\u10e1, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10df\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da \u10ec\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1: \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 (1880\u20131964; \u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d5\u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 1882-\u10d8\u10ea). \u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd \u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e6\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.\",\"m24\":\"9. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"m25\":\"\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1.\",\"m26\":\"<b>\u10d3\u10dd\u10d9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8:<\\\/b> \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8.\",\"m27\":\"<b>\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0:<\\\/b> \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10e1, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0.\",\"m28\":\"<b>\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8:<\\\/b> \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d1\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8.\",\"m29\":\"<b>\u10e6\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0:<\\\/b> \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d6\u10d8\u10d3\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1.\",\"m30\":\"\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ee\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10f0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0: \u201e\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e3\u10d3\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u2026\u201c, \u201e\u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10dd\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u2026\u201c, \u201e\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd, \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10de\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d3\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8; \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0: \u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u201c. \u201e\u10e3\u10d4\u10ed\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201c \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10e0\u10ea \u201e\u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u201c.\",\"m31\":\"10. \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\",\"m32\":\"\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d0, \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10db\u10e9\u10dc\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3 \u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7. \u10d0\u10da\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd \u10f0\u10d8\u10de\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10d6\u10d0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10db\u10d4.\",\"m33\":\"\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10da \u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d0\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7 \u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10df\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10d5 \u10ec\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7. \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7. \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 (\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d7\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10d0) \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 (\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10ec\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d8) \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc (\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4) \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10ea\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1: \u201e\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd, [\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0]. \u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e5\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 <i>Beyond Yesterday<\\\/i>-\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, [\u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10d8]. \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10db\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10d0.\u201c\",\"m34\":\"11. \u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d8\u10e4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\",\"m35\":\"\u10ea\u10d8\u10e4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d5\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1. \u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 EAP1470-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10e4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10d8\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 EAP \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10e1, \u10e1\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0. \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d3\u10d6\u10d4 <a href=\\\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\\\">\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d7 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd<\\\/a>.\",\"m36\":\"<i>\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e3\u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10ee\u10dd\u10d3 \u10e0\u10e9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0: \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10d0\u10ee\u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d7 \u10e8\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1, \u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3. \u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10ea\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1. \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10db\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10dd\u10d7, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8; \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10df\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10e1, \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10db \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10dc \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0.<\\\/i>\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"nvfield-method\":\"\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d7 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"\u10e2\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\",\"nvbibliography\":\"\u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0\",\"nvarchives\":\"\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"nvpapers\":\"\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"nvmethods\":\"\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\"},\"el\":{\"bc\":\"\u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\",\"t\":\"\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\",\"l\":\"\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 1905\/1907 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2.\",\"m1\":\"\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1: \u03c6\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u00b7 \u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ae \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf <i>Beyond Yesterday<\\\/i> \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ae\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd. \u0397 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03cc.\",\"m2\":\"1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\",\"m3\":\"\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ce\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 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\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u00b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7.\",\"m7\":\"\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b7 \u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u2019 \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03bb\u03b5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 (\u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf), \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf. \u0397 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ac \u039a\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bb \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a href=\\\"\/journal\/#bitola-1909\\\">\u0397\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf<\\\/a>.\",\"m8\":\"3. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 1905 \/ 1907\",\"m9\":\"\u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 1905, \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\",\"m10\":\"\u03a4\u03bf <i>Beyond Yesterday<\\\/i> \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Camera 300 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 1907, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf: \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03c5\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf Criterion \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf <i>The Liars<\\\/i> \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 13 \u0391\u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 15 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1907. \u039f \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Charles Urban, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 Bioscope. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 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\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 C\u0103t\u0103lin D. 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\u039a\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1: \u03a3\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (2024), Gu\u0161tin (2023), \u00d6zen (2010, 2012), Grgi\u0107 (2020, 2022), \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\\\/a>.\",\"m22\":\"8. \u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac 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\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac: \u039c\u03af\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 (1880\u20131964\u00b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 1882). \u038f\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ae \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 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\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc.\",\"m26\":\"<b>\u03a4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf:<\\\/b> \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae.\",\"m27\":\"<b>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7:<\\\/b> \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd.\",\"m28\":\"<b>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc:<\\\/b> \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 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\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc: \u00ab\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u2026\u00bb, \u00ab\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u2026\u00bb, \u00ab\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u00b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7: \u03a3\u03bb\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd\u00bb. \u03a4\u03bf \u00ab\u03b2\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u00bb \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u00ab\u03b8\u03c1\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u00bb.\",\"m31\":\"10. \u0397 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\",\"m32\":\"\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 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\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2.\",\"m33\":\"\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd 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\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5) \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9). \u039f\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae: \u00ab\u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1, [\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ae]. \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bf\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf <i>Beyond Yesterday<\\\/i>, [\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2]. \u0397 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ae\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\u00bb\",\"m34\":\"11. \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\",\"m35\":\"\u0397 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf EAP1470 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc EAP, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b7 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 <a href=\\\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\\\">\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\\\/a>.\",\"m36\":\"<i>\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1: \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9\u00b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1.<\\\/i>\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u039f\u03b9 \u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\",\"nvfield-method\":\"\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"\u03a7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\",\"nvbibliography\":\"\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\",\"nvarchives\":\"\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2\",\"nvpapers\":\"\u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\",\"nvmethods\":\"\u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\"}}<\/script>\n<script>(function(){var pg=document.querySelector('.rsp');if(!pg)return;\nvar m=location.pathname.match(\/^\\\/(ro|el|sq|mk|tr|bg|ka)(\\\/|$)\/);var lg=m?m[1]:'en';\nif(lg==='en')return;var T=null;\ntry{T=JSON.parse(document.getElementById('rsI18N').textContent)[lg]||null;}catch(e){}\nif(!T)return;\n[].slice.call(pg.querySelectorAll('[data-k]')).forEach(function(el){var v=T[el.getAttribute('data-k')];if(typeof v==='string')el.innerHTML=v;});\n[].slice.call(pg.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"\/research\/\"],a[href^=\"\/journal\/\"],a[href^=\"\/over-time\/\"],a[href^=\"\/the-old-map\/\"]')).forEach(function(a){a.setAttribute('href','\/'+lg+a.getAttribute('href'));});\ntry{document.title=T.t.replace(\/<[^>]*>\/g,'')+' \\u2014 Beyond Yesterday';document.documentElement.lang=lg;}catch(e){}\n})();<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research Methods &#038; Debates How we read photographs, how we attribute and date images and what remains in dispute, from 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