{"id":100,"date":"2025-04-06T15:06:41","date_gmt":"2025-04-06T15:06:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondyesterday.org\/?p=100"},"modified":"2026-10-23T09:13:50","modified_gmt":"2026-10-23T09:13:50","slug":"avdela","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beyondyesterday.org\/ka\/avdela\/","title":{"rendered":"\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0: \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10dd"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 (1878) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc (1880) \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10ee \u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10db\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u2013 \u10de\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0. \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8. \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0 \u10e2\u10e7\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-jetpack-image-compare\"><div class=\"juxtapose\" data-mode=\"horizontal\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"402\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Mk-1910-copy-2.webp?resize=1000%2C750&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0, \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee. 1900\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"image-compare__image-before\"\/><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"403\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/32b-69-x-50-Avdela-Mk-1910-copy.webp?resize=1000%2C750&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0: \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee. 1900 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"image-compare__image-after\"\/><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ec\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1, \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10e3\u10da\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8, \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d8\u10eb\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ef\u10d8\u10de\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e3\u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10e2\u10e7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4. \u10e2\u10e7\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e7\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e3\u10ea\u10dc\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10e5\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd. \u10d8\u10e5 \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d5\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u2013 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5 \u10e3\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd \u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-jetpack-image-compare\"><div class=\"juxtapose\" data-mode=\"horizontal\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"409\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Mk-1932-copy.webp?resize=1000%2C750&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0, \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee. 1900\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"image-compare__image-before\"\/><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"410\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/IMG_0837-copy.webp?resize=1000%2C750&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" class=\"image-compare__image-after\"\/><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:78px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Avdela-Sf-Treime.webp?resize=1024%2C768&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1\" class=\"wp-image-411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Avdela-Sf-Treime.webp?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Avdela-Sf-Treime.webp?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Avdela-Sf-Treime.webp?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Avdela-Sf-Treime.webp?w=1200&amp;ssl=1 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"by-arch\"><p class=\"by-arch-h\">\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0<\/p><div class=\"by-arch-figs\"><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-5701.jpg?ssl=1\"><img src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-5701.jpg?w=720&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0, fond 0580, GPN 5701\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption>\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, GPN 5701 (\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10d8), \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-5676.jpg?ssl=1\"><img src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-5676.jpg?w=720&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0, fond 0580, GPN 5676\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption>\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, GPN 5676 (\u10ec\u10db. \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0), \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-0431.jpg?ssl=1\"><img src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-0431.jpg?w=720&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0, fond 0580, GPN 0431\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption>\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, GPN 0431 (\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8), \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-1893.jpg?ssl=1\"><img src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/beyondyesterday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/bitola-fond-0580-gpn-1893.jpg?w=720&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0, fond 0580, GPN 1893\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><\/a><figcaption>\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, GPN 1893 (\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8), \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><dl><dt class=\"by-arch-s\">\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0<\/dt><dd class=\"by-arch-s\"><\/dd><dt>\u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/dt><dd>\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10da\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10e3\u10db\u10d8 (MN\u021aR), \u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u2014 1906 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d8\u10dc\u10d5. Mk-1910<\/dd><dt>\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/dt><dd>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 0580 (\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8), \u10d8\u10dc\u10d5. GPN 5701<\/dd><dt>\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10e8\u10d8<\/dt><dd>GPN 0431, GPN 1893 (\u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc)<\/dd><dt>\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8<\/dt><dd>\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee. 1900<\/dd><dt>\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0<\/dt><dd>\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8)<\/dd><\/dl><dl><dt class=\"by-arch-s\">\u10ec\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8<\/dt><dd class=\"by-arch-s\"><\/dd><dt>\u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/dt><dd>\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10da\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10e3\u10db\u10d8 (MN\u021aR), \u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u2014 1906 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10eb\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d8\u10dc\u10d5. Mk-1932<\/dd><dt>\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/dt><dd>\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 0580 (\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8), \u10d8\u10dc\u10d5. GPN 5676<\/dd><dt>\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8<\/dt><dd>\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee. 1900<\/dd><dt>\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e4\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0<\/dt><dd>\u10d8\u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 (\u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8)<\/dd><\/dl><p class=\"by-arch-r\">\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8: \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u2013 \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10da\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d6\u10d4\u10e3\u10db\u10d8, \u10d1\u10e3\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8; \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u2013 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d9\u10e0\u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0.<\/p><\/aside>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 (1878) \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc (1880) \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 XIX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10e1 \u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10ee \u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10db\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u2013 \u10de\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":399,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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