{"id":1980,"date":"2026-10-26T08:43:03","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T08:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/beyondyesterday.org\/research\/aromanians\/"},"modified":"2026-10-27T07:40:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T07:40:55","slug":"aromanians","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/beyondyesterday.org\/sq\/research\/aromanians\/","title":{"rendered":"Arumun\u00ebt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n.rsp{--pa:#f4f1ea;--tx:#2f2b25;--dm:#776f63;--oc:#b5762c;--ru:#d8d0c0;\n background:var(--pa);color:var(--tx);font:400 17px\/1.7 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;\n margin:0;padding:0 0 70px;overflow-x:hidden}\n.rsp *{box-sizing:border-box}\n.rsp .wrp{max-width:860px;margin:0 auto;padding:44px 30px 0}\n.rsp .bc{margin:0 0 26px;font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase}\n.rsp .bc a{color:var(--dm);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ru);padding-bottom:1px}\n.rsp .bc a:hover{color:#4f483d}\n.rsp h1{margin:0 0 14px;font:400 clamp(30px,4.6vw,46px)\/1.12 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;color:#1f1c18;letter-spacing:-.015em}\n.rsp .lead{margin:0 0 36px;font-size:18.5px;line-height:1.66;color:#5c554a;max-width:60ch}\n.rsp h2{margin:46px 0 14px;font:400 25px\/1.25 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;color:#241f1a}\n.rsp h2 .yr{display:block;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.08em;color:var(--oc);margin-bottom:2px}\n.rsp h3{margin:30px 0 10px;font:600 18px\/1.3 \"Iowan Old Style\",Palatino,Georgia,serif;color:#33302a}\n.rsp p{margin:0 0 14px;max-width:68ch}\n.rsp p.place{margin:-8px 0 12px;color:#776f63;font-size:15.5px}\n.rsp p.bib{max-width:none;padding-left:1.7em;text-indent:-1.7em;font-size:15.8px;line-height:1.62;margin:0 0 11px}\n.rsp ul,.rsp ol{margin:0 0 16px;padding-left:1.25em;max-width:66ch}\n.rsp li{margin:0 0 7px}\n.rsp a{color:var(--oc);text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(181,118,44,.42);padding-bottom:1px}\n.rsp a:hover{color:#8f5a1c}\n.rsp blockquote{margin:18px 0;padding:14px 20px;border-left:3px solid var(--oc);background:rgba(181,118,44,.06);max-width:62ch}\n.rsp blockquote p{margin:0;max-width:none}\n.rsp .tw{overflow-x:auto;margin:20px 0 24px}\n.rsp table{border-collapse:collapse;min-width:620px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5}\n.rsp th{text-align:left;padding:8px 16px 8px 0;border-bottom:2px solid var(--ru);font-weight:600;color:#33302a;vertical-align:bottom}\n.rsp td{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 16px 8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ru)}\n.rsp .gal{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;gap:18px;margin:26px 0 30px;max-width:none}\n.rsp .gal figure{margin:0}\n.rsp .gal img{width:100%;display:block;border-radius:2px}\n.rsp .gal figcaption{margin-top:6px;font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:#776f63}\n.rsp .idx{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:8px 0 10px;max-width:none}\n.rsp .idx li{margin:0;padding:15px 0 14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ru)}\n.rsp .idx a{font-size:20px;border-bottom:none}\n.rsp .idx .d{display:block;margin-top:3px;color:#776f63;font-size:15px;max-width:62ch}\n.rsp .dl{margin-top:40px;font-size:13px;color:#978e7f;max-width:none}\n.rsp .rnav{margin-top:52px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid var(--ru);font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.9;color:#776f63;max-width:none}\n.rsp .rnav b{color:#4f483d;font-weight:600}\n.rsp .rnav a{border-bottom:none;white-space:nowrap}\n@media(max-width:900px){.rsp .gal{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}\n@media(max-width:640px){.rsp .wrp{padding:34px 20px 0}.rsp .gal{grid-template-columns:1fr}}\nbody.page-id-1980 .entry-title,body.page-id-1980 .ast-archive-description{display:none!important}body.page-id-1980 .site-content .ast-container{max-width:none!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}body.page-id-1980 .site-content{background:#f4f1ea}body.page-id-1980 .by-home-em{background:rgba(255,253,249,.94)!important;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #d8d0c0!important}body.page-id-1980 .by-home-em i::before{border-color:#6b6253!important}body.page-id-1980 .by-home-em i::after{background:#b5762c!important;border-color:#b5762c!important}body.page-id-1980 .by-home-nm{color:rgba(47,43,37,.52)!important}<\/style><div class=\"rsp\"><div class=\"wrp\"><p class=\"bc\"><a href=\"\/research\/\" data-k=\"bc\">Research<\/a><\/p><h1 data-k=\"t\">The Aromanians<\/h1><p class=\"lead\" data-k=\"l\">A short introduction to the world into which the Manakia brothers were born: language, settlements, mobility, and why one village can carry several names.<\/p><div class=\"bod\"><p data-k=\"b3\">The Aromanians, often called <b>Vlachs<\/b> in historical sources, speak <b>Aromanian<\/b>, an Eastern Romance variety very close to Romanian. Whether it counts as a language or a dialect depends largely on the definition, and the discussion carries an identity stake as well, which specialists are still debating. Aromanian is not uniform. It differs greatly from one region to another, because Aromanians do not live in compact zones but in villages and towns scattered over a wide area, and the speech often differs in vocabulary even between two neighbouring villages. For centuries Aromanians have lived in the southern Balkans, and their settlements, family networks and routes of movement cross the present borders of <b>Greece, Albania, North Macedonia and Bulgaria<\/b>; many also settled in <b>Romania<\/b>, from the eighteenth century onward, and in the twentieth century above all in Dobruja.<\/p><h2 data-k=\"hn\">Names and controversies<\/h2><p data-k=\"n1\">Aromanians call themselves <b>Arm\u00e2n<\/b>, in some areas <b>Rr\u0103m\u00e2n<\/b>. Others have called them by other names: <b>Vlachs<\/b> in the languages of their neighbours and in many historical sources, <b>Macedo-Romanians<\/b> in older Romanian scholarship, <b>Aromanians<\/b> in the international literature. Each name has a history, and none is entirely neutral.<\/p><p data-k=\"n2\">The word <b>Vlach<\/b> has not always meant what it means today. In medieval and early modern documents it could name a Romance-speaking people, but also a shepherd of any origin, or anyone who lived in the mountains and moved with flocks, whatever language he spoke. That is why the medieval attestations are confusing for us: a Vlach in a document is not necessarily an Aromanian, and sometimes not even a Romance speaker. Like all ethnic names in use today, Vlach has also taken on political meanings, which in some contexts lead to conflicts.<\/p><p data-k=\"n3\">Most Aromanians are divided between two camps, those who regard themselves as Romanian and those who regard themselves as Greek, but in the Balkans I have also met Aromanians who see themselves as Albanian, Macedonian or Bulgarian, others who feel both at once, and some who see themselves as a people apart. It is not my wish to decide who is right. As an anthropologist I note this with interest, without wanting to establish supreme truths where life has so many shades. I believe in diffuse and overlapping identities, which change with place, age and interlocutor and often combine elements that national discourse keeps apart. This is a community that fascinates me, and for such a world a single name is not enough.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"b4\">Mountain herding and seasonal <b>transhumance<\/b> are important parts of the history of some Aromanian communities, but they are not the whole story. Aromanian-speaking merchants, craftsmen, teachers, builders and urban families helped shape towns as well as villages. <b>Moscopole (Voskopoj\u00eb)<\/b>, <b>Kru\u0161evo (Cru\u0219uva)<\/b>, <b>Metsovo (Aminciu)<\/b> and other centres illustrate different forms of settlement and mobility. Population movement, schooling, state boundaries and language policy changed these worlds in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"b5\">The Manakia brothers were born into this setting. Their photographs include villages, clothing, rituals and everyday work, yet they also recorded officers, political celebrations, urban life and people with many different linguistic and religious affiliations. Describing them only as photographers of \u201cthe Aromanians\u201d would narrow a much larger historical record.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"b6\"><i>Beyond Yesterday<\/i> therefore retains <b>Aromanian place names alongside contemporary official names<\/b>, without claiming that one name cancels another. Linguistic forms are evidence of historical usage, movement and memory. They should be preserved, sourced and searchable. The goal is to help visitors understand why the same village may appear under several names in different albums, maps, archives and family stories.<\/p>\n<p data-k=\"b7\">For fuller historical and linguistic discussion, see the <a href=\"\/research\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a>, particularly the work of <b>Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu<\/b>, <b>Ioana Popescu<\/b> and <b>Nikolaos Siokis<\/b>. This short introduction provides context for reading the photographs; it is not a substitute for the history of individual Aromanian communities.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"rnav\"><a href=\"\/research\/rephotography\/\" data-k=\"nvrephotography\">Rephotography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <b>The Aromanians<\/b> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/field-method\/\" data-k=\"nvfield-method\">Field Method<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\" data-k=\"nvhow-to-cite\">How to Cite<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/gazetteer\/\" data-k=\"nvgazetteer\">Gazetteer<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/film-chronology\/\" data-k=\"nvfilm-chronology\">Film Chronology<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/bibliography\/\" data-k=\"nvbibliography\">Bibliography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/archives\/\" data-k=\"nvarchives\">Archival Sources<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/papers\/\" data-k=\"nvpapers\">Research Papers<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/methods\/\" data-k=\"nvmethods\">Methods &amp; Debates<\/a><\/div><a href=\"\/research\/rephotography\/\" data-k=\"nvrephotography\">Rephotography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <b data-k=\"nvaromanians\">The Aromanians<\/b> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/field-method\/\" data-k=\"nvfield-method\">Field Method<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/how-to-cite\/\" data-k=\"nvhow-to-cite\">How to Cite<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/gazetteer\/\" data-k=\"nvgazetteer\">Gazetteer<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/film-chronology\/\" data-k=\"nvfilm-chronology\">Film Chronology<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/bibliography\/\" data-k=\"nvbibliography\">Bibliography<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/archives\/\" data-k=\"nvarchives\">Archival Sources<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/papers\/\" data-k=\"nvpapers\">Research Papers<\/a> &nbsp;\u00b7&nbsp; <a href=\"\/research\/methods\/\" data-k=\"nvmethods\">Methods &amp; Debates<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<script id=\"rsI18N\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"ro\":{\"t\":\"Arom\u00e2nii\",\"l\":\"O scurt\u0103 introducere \u00een lumea \u00een care s-au n\u0103scut fra\u021bii Manakia: limba, a\u0219ez\u0103rile, mobilitatea \u0219i motivul pentru care acela\u0219i sat poate purta mai multe nume.\",\"bc\":\"Cercetare\",\"b7\":\"Pentru o discu\u021bie istoric\u0103 \u0219i lingvistic\u0103 mai ampl\u0103, vezi <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">Bibliografia<\/a>, \u00een special lucr\u0103rile lui <b>Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu<\/b>, <b>Ioana Popescu<\/b> \u0219i <b>Nikolaos Siokis<\/b>. Aceast\u0103 scurt\u0103 introducere ofer\u0103 un context pentru lectura fotografiilor; nu \u00eenlocuie\u0219te istoria fiec\u0103rei comunit\u0103\u021bi arom\u00e2ne \u00een parte.\",\"b6\":\"<i>Dincolo de ieri<\/i> p\u0103streaz\u0103 de aceea <b>numele arom\u00e2ne ale locurilor al\u0103turi de cele oficiale de azi<\/b>, f\u0103r\u0103 a sus\u021bine c\u0103 un nume \u00eel anuleaz\u0103 pe cel\u0103lalt. Formele lingvistice sunt dovezi de uz istoric, de mi\u0219care \u0219i de memorie: se cuvine s\u0103 fie p\u0103strate, \u00eenso\u021bite de surs\u0103 \u0219i u\u0219or de c\u0103utat. Scopul este s\u0103 ajute vizitatorul s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 de ce acela\u0219i sat apare sub nume diferite \u00een albume, h\u0103r\u021bi, arhive \u0219i pove\u0219ti de familie.\",\"b5\":\"Fra\u021bii Manakia s-au n\u0103scut \u00een acest cadru. Fotografiile lor cuprind sate, port, ritualuri \u0219i munc\u0103 de zi cu zi, dar \u0219i ofi\u021beri, s\u0103rb\u0103tori politice, via\u021b\u0103 urban\u0103 \u0219i oameni cu apartenen\u021be lingvistice \u0219i religioase foarte diverse. A-i descrie doar ca fotografi ai \u201earom\u00e2nilor\u201d ar \u00eengusta un document istoric mult mai larg.\",\"b4\":\"P\u0103storitul montan \u0219i <b>transhuman\u021ba<\/b> sezonier\u0103 sunt p\u0103r\u021bi importante din istoria unor comunit\u0103\u021bi arom\u00e2ne, dar nu sunt \u00eentreaga poveste. Negustori, me\u0219te\u0219ugari, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tori, constructori \u0219i familii de ora\u0219 vorbitoare de arom\u00e2n\u0103 au dat chip ora\u0219elor, nu doar satelor. <b>Moscopole (Voskopoj\u00eb)<\/b>, <b>Cru\u0219uva (Kru\u0161evo)<\/b>, <b>Aminciu (Metsovo)<\/b> \u0219i alte centre arat\u0103 forme diferite de a\u0219ezare \u0219i de mobilitate. Migra\u021biile, \u0219coala, grani\u021bele statelor \u0219i politicile lingvistice au schimbat aceste lumi \u00een secolele al XIX-lea \u0219i al XX-lea.\",\"b3\":\"Arom\u00e2nii, numi\u021bi adesea <b>vlahi<\/b> \u00een sursele istorice, vorbesc <b>arom\u00e2na<\/b>, un grai romanic oriental foarte apropiat de rom\u00e2n\u0103. Dac\u0103 e socotit limb\u0103 sau dialect depinde \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 de defini\u021bie, iar discu\u021bia are \u0219i o miz\u0103 identitar\u0103, pe care speciali\u0219tii o dezbat \u00eenc\u0103. Arom\u00e2na nu e uniform\u0103: difer\u0103 mult de la o regiune la alta, fiindc\u0103 arom\u00e2nii nu locuiesc \u00een zone compacte, ci \u00een sate \u0219i ora\u0219e risipite pe un spa\u021biu larg, \u0219i adesea se deosebe\u0219te, la nivelul cuvintelor, chiar \u00eentre dou\u0103 sate vecine. De secole, arom\u00e2nii tr\u0103iesc \u00een sudul Balcanilor, iar satele, re\u021belele de familie \u0219i drumurile lor trec peste grani\u021bele de azi ale <b>Greciei, Albaniei, Macedoniei de Nord \u0219i Bulgariei<\/b>; mul\u021bi s-au a\u0219ezat \u0219i \u00een <b>Rom\u00e2nia<\/b>, \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul al XVIII-lea, iar \u00een secolul al XX-lea mai ales \u00een Dobrogea.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"Refotografiere\",\"nvfield-method\":\"Metoda de teren\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"Cum se citeaz\u0103\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"Repertoriu toponimic\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"Cronologia filmelor\",\"nvbibliography\":\"Bibliografie\",\"nvarchives\":\"Surse de arhiv\u0103\",\"nvpapers\":\"Studii\",\"nvmethods\":\"Metode \u0219i dezbateri\",\"nvaromanians\":\"Arom\u00e2nii\",\"hn\":\"Nume \u0219i controverse\",\"n1\":\"Arom\u00e2nii se numesc pe ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i <b>arm\u00e2ni<\/b>, \u00een unele zone <b>r\u0103m\u00e2ni<\/b>. Al\u021bii le-au spus altfel: <b>vlahi<\/b>, \u00een limbile vecinilor \u0219i \u00een multe surse istorice, <b>macedo-rom\u00e2ni<\/b>, \u00een lucr\u0103rile rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti mai vechi, <b>arom\u00e2ni<\/b>, \u00een literatura interna\u021bional\u0103. Fiecare nume are o istorie \u0219i niciunul nu e cu totul neutru.\",\"n2\":\"Cuv\u00e2ntul <b>vlah<\/b> nu a \u00eensemnat dintotdeauna ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 ast\u0103zi. \u00cen documentele medievale \u0219i din prima modernitate putea numi un neam romanic, dar \u0219i un p\u0103stor de orice origine, ori pe oricine tr\u0103ia la munte \u0219i se muta cu turmele, oricare ar fi fost limba lui. De aceea atest\u0103rile medievale ne \u00eencurc\u0103 ast\u0103zi: un vlah dintr-un document nu e neap\u0103rat arom\u00e2n, iar uneori nici m\u0103car vorbitor de limb\u0103 romanic\u0103. Ca toate numele etnice de azi, \u0219i cel de vlah s-a \u00eenc\u0103rcat cu sensuri politice, care \u00een unele \u00eemprejur\u0103ri duc la conflicte.\",\"n3\":\"Cei mai mul\u021bi arom\u00e2ni se \u00eempart \u00eentre dou\u0103 tabere, a celor care se socot rom\u00e2ni \u0219i a celor care se socot greci, dar \u00een Balcani am \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u0219i arom\u00e2ni care se v\u0103d albanezi, macedoneni sau bulgari, al\u021bii deopotriv\u0103 una \u0219i alta, \u0219i unii care se simt un popor aparte. Nu e dorin\u021ba mea s\u0103 hot\u0103r\u0103sc cine are dreptate. Ca antropolog, constat cu interes, dar nu \u021bin s\u0103 stabilesc adev\u0103ruri supreme acolo unde via\u021ba are at\u00e2tea nuan\u021be. Cred \u00een identit\u0103\u021bi difuze \u0219i suprapuse, care se schimb\u0103 dup\u0103 loc, dup\u0103 v\u00e2rst\u0103, dup\u0103 interlocutor \u0219i care \u00eembin\u0103 adesea elemente pe care discursul na\u021bional le \u021bine separate. Este o comunitate care m\u0103 fascineaz\u0103, iar pentru o asemenea lume un singur nume nu ajunge.\"},\"el\":{\"t\":\"\u039f\u03b9 \u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\",\"l\":\"\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1: \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af, \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.\",\"bc\":\"\u0388\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\",\"b3\":\"\u039f\u03b9 <b>\u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/b>, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <b>\u0391\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/b>, \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 <b>\u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1<\/b> (<b>\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/b>), \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 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\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd\u00bb, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf.\",\"b6\":\"\u0393\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf <i>Beyond Yesterday<\/i> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af <b>\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/b>, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd. \u039f \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc, \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\",\"b7\":\"\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/a>, \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd <b>Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu<\/b>, <b>Ioana Popescu<\/b> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <b>\u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03b7<\/b>. \u0397 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u00b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u039f\u03b9 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\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\",\"hn\":\"\u039f\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\",\"n1\":\"\u039f\u03b9 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 <b>Arm\u00e2n<\/b>, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 <b>Rr\u0103m\u00e2n<\/b>. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 <b>\u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9<\/b>, \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2\u00b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 <b>\u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/b> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 <b>\u0391\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9<\/b>. \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf.\",\"n2\":\"\u0397 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 <b>\u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2<\/b> \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0393\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2: \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0391\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\",\"n3\":\"\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0392\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af, \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf. \u03a9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af.\"},\"sq\":{\"t\":\"Arumun\u00ebt\",\"l\":\"Nj\u00eb hyrje e shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb bot\u00ebn ku lind\u00ebn v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit Manaki: gjuha, vendbanimet, l\u00ebvizja, dhe pse nj\u00eb fshat i vet\u00ebm mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb disa emra.\",\"bc\":\"K\u00ebrkimi\",\"b3\":\"Arumun\u00ebt, t\u00eb quajtur shpesh <b>vlleh\u00eb<\/b> n\u00eb burimet historike, flasin <b>arumunisht<\/b>, nj\u00eb varietet romanik lindor shum\u00eb i af\u00ebrt me rumanishten. N\u00ebse ajo konsiderohet gjuh\u00eb apo dialekt varet kryesisht nga p\u00ebrkufizimi, dhe diskutimi ka edhe nj\u00eb pesh\u00eb identitare, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn specialist\u00ebt ende debatojn\u00eb. Gjuha arumune nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebtrajtshme: ndryshon shum\u00eb nga nj\u00eb rajon n\u00eb tjetrin, sepse arumun\u00ebt nuk jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb zona kompakte, por n\u00eb fshatra e qytete t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, dhe shpesh dallon n\u00eb fjalor edhe midis dy fshatrave fqinj\u00eb. Prej shekujsh arumun\u00ebt jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb Ballkanin jugor, dhe vendbanimet, rrjetet familjare e rrug\u00ebt e l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb tyre kalojn\u00eb mbi kufijt\u00eb e sot\u00ebm t\u00eb <b>Greqis\u00eb, Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb, Maqedonis\u00eb s\u00eb Veriut dhe Bullgaris\u00eb<\/b>; shum\u00eb u vendos\u00ebn edhe n\u00eb <b>Rumani<\/b>, q\u00eb nga shekulli XVIII, dhe n\u00eb shekullin XX sidomos n\u00eb Dobrogje.\",\"b4\":\"Blegtoria malore dhe <b>shtegtimi sezonal<\/b> i bag\u00ebtive jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb disa bashk\u00ebsive arumune, por nuk jan\u00eb e gjith\u00eb historia. Tregtar\u00eb, zejtar\u00eb, m\u00ebsues, nd\u00ebrtues dhe familje qytetare q\u00eb flisnin arumunisht ndihmuan n\u00eb formimin e qyteteve, jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb fshatrave. <b>Voskopoja (Moscopole)<\/b>, <b>Kru\u0161evo (Cru\u0219uva)<\/b>, <b>Metsovo (Aminciu)<\/b> dhe qendra t\u00eb tjera tregojn\u00eb forma t\u00eb ndryshme vendbanimi dhe l\u00ebvizjeje. Shp\u00ebrnguljet e popullsis\u00eb, shkollimi, kufijt\u00eb shtet\u00ebror\u00eb dhe politikat gjuh\u00ebsore i ndryshuan k\u00ebto bot\u00eb gjat\u00eb shekujve XIX dhe XX.\",\"b5\":\"V\u00ebllez\u00ebrit Manaki lind\u00ebn n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mjedis. Fotografit\u00eb e tyre p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb fshatra, veshje, rite dhe pun\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme, por ata regjistruan edhe oficer\u00eb, festime politike, jet\u00ebn e qytetit dhe njer\u00ebz me p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsi gjuh\u00ebsore e fetare nga m\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshmet. T'i p\u00ebrshkruash vet\u00ebm si fotograf\u00eb t\u00eb \u201earumun\u00ebve\u201c do t\u00eb ngushtonte nj\u00eb d\u00ebshmi historike shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb.\",\"b6\":\"Prandaj <i>P\u00ebrtej s\u00eb djeshmes!<\/i> i ruan <b>toponimet arumune pran\u00eb emrave zyrtar\u00eb t\u00eb sot\u00ebm<\/b>, pa pohuar se nj\u00eb em\u00ebr e anulon tjetrin. Format gjuh\u00ebsore jan\u00eb d\u00ebshmi t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit historik, t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes dhe t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs. Ato duhen ruajtur, dokumentuar me burime dhe duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkueshme. Q\u00ebllimi \u00ebsht\u00eb t'i ndihmoj\u00eb vizitor\u00ebt t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb pse i nj\u00ebjti fshat mund t\u00eb shfaqet me disa emra n\u00eb albume, harta, arkiva dhe rr\u00ebfime familjare.\",\"b7\":\"P\u00ebr nj\u00eb diskutim m\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb historik dhe gjuh\u00ebsor, shihni <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">Bibliografin\u00eb<\/a>, sidomos punimet e <b>Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu<\/b>, <b>Ioana Popescu<\/b> dhe <b>Nikolaos Siokis<\/b>. Kjo hyrje e shkurt\u00ebr jep kontekstin p\u00ebr leximin e fotografive; nuk z\u00ebvend\u00ebson historin\u00eb e secil\u00ebs bashk\u00ebsi arumune.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"Rifotografimi\",\"nvaromanians\":\"Arumun\u00ebt\",\"nvfield-method\":\"Metoda n\u00eb terren\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"Regjistri i toponimeve\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"Kronologjia e filmave\",\"nvbibliography\":\"Bibliografia\",\"nvarchives\":\"Burime arkivore\",\"nvpapers\":\"Studime k\u00ebrkimore\",\"nvmethods\":\"Metoda dhe debate\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"Si t\u00eb citohet\",\"hn\":\"Emrat dhe polemikat\",\"n1\":\"Arumun\u00ebt e quajn\u00eb veten <b>arm\u00e2n<\/b>, n\u00eb disa zona <b>rr\u0103m\u00e2n<\/b>. T\u00eb tjer\u00ebt i kan\u00eb quajtur me emra t\u00eb tjer\u00eb: <b>vlleh\u00eb<\/b>, n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt e fqinj\u00ebve dhe n\u00eb shum\u00eb burime historike, <b>maqedonorumun\u00eb<\/b> n\u00eb studimet e vjetra rumune, <b>arumun\u00eb<\/b> n\u00eb literatur\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. \u00c7do em\u00ebr ka nj\u00eb histori dhe asnj\u00ebri nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt neutral.\",\"n2\":\"Fjala <b>vlleh<\/b> nuk ka n\u00ebnkuptuar gjithmon\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton sot. N\u00eb dokumentet mesjetare dhe t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb hershme moderne mund t\u00eb em\u00ebrtonte nj\u00eb popull romanik, por edhe nj\u00eb bari me \u00e7far\u00ebdo origjine, ose k\u00ebdo q\u00eb jetonte n\u00eb mal dhe l\u00ebvizte me kopet\u00eb, \u00e7far\u00ebdo gjuhe q\u00eb t\u00eb fliste. Prandaj d\u00ebshmit\u00eb mesjetare na ngat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb sot: nj\u00eb vlleh n\u00eb nj\u00eb dokument nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht arumun, dhe nganj\u00ebher\u00eb as fol\u00ebs i nj\u00eb gjuhe romanike. Si t\u00eb gjith\u00eb emrat etnik\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim sot, edhe vlleh ka marr\u00eb kuptime politike, q\u00eb n\u00eb disa rrethana \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb konflikte.\",\"n3\":\"Shumica ndahen mes dy kampeve, atyre q\u00eb e ndiejn\u00eb veten rumun\u00eb dhe atyre q\u00eb e ndiejn\u00eb veten grek\u00eb, por n\u00eb Ballkan kam takuar edhe arumun\u00eb q\u00eb e shohin veten shqiptar\u00eb, maqedonas ose bullgar\u00eb, t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb ndiejn\u00eb t\u00eb dyja nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh dhe disa q\u00eb e shohin veten si popull m\u00eb vete. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebshira ime t\u00eb vendos kush ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb. Si antropolog, e v\u00eb re me interes, por nuk synoj t\u00eb vendos t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta supreme aty ku jeta ka kaq shum\u00eb nuanca. Besoj n\u00eb identitete t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura dhe t\u00eb mbivendosura, q\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb sipas vendit, mosh\u00ebs dhe bashk\u00ebbiseduesit dhe shpesh bashkojn\u00eb elemente q\u00eb diskursi komb\u00ebtar i mban t\u00eb ndara. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb komunitet q\u00eb m\u00eb magjeps, dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb nj\u00eb em\u00ebr i vet\u00ebm nuk mjafton.\"},\"mk\":{\"t\":\"\u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"l\":\"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0458 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u045c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438: \u0458\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0437\u043e\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u045c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u045a\u0430.\",\"bc\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\",\"b3\":\"\u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0432\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 <b>\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438<\/b>, \u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 <b>\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/b>, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0458\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043a. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0458\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0458 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u00e8 \u0443\u0448\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0430\u0442. \u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0458\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d: \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0434 \u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0458, \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0442\u0443\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0444\u0440\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0453\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u0421\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0458\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d, \u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0431\u0438, \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0458\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0448\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u045a\u0435 \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430 <b>\u0413\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430, \u0410\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430<\/b>; \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e <b>\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430<\/b>, \u0443\u0448\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0434 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0430 \u0432\u043e XX \u0432\u0435\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0458\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u045f\u0430.\",\"b4\":\"\u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 <b>\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0445\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0430<\/b> \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0434\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0458\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430. <b>\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 (\u0412\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0458\u0430)<\/b>, <b>\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043e (\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0443\u0432\u0430)<\/b>, <b>\u041c\u0435\u0446\u043e\u0432\u043e (\u0410\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0447\u0443)<\/b> \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u045a\u0435. \u041c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e, \u0434\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u0458\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0432\u043e XIX \u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a.\",\"b5\":\"\u0411\u0440\u0430\u045c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e \u043e\u0432\u0430\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0458\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0453\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0458\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438 \u201e\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435\u201c, \u0431\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0448\u0442\u0432\u043e.\",\"b6\":\"\u0417\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0430 <i>\u041e\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/i> \u0433\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430 <b>\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u045a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0458 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u045a\u0430<\/b>, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u0440\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0448\u0442\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e. \u0408\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0448\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0430, \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u045c\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435\u0442\u043e. \u0422\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442, \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u043e\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0458\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u045c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0438\u045a\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0431\u0443\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0458\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438.\",\"b7\":\"\u0417\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0458\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0458\u0430 <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/a>, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 <b>\u0415\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0426\u0438\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443<\/b>, <b>\u0418\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443<\/b> \u0438 <b>\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043e\u0441 \u0421\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441<\/b>. \u041e\u0432\u043e\u0458 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435; \u0442\u043e\u0458 \u043d\u0435 \u0458\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u0420\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"nvfield-method\":\"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430 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\u043c\u0435\u0453\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e.\",\"n2\":\"\u0417\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442 <b>\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0432<\/b> \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0448 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441. \u0412\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 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\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0438.\",\"n3\":\"\u041d\u0430\u0458\u0433\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0453\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0413\u0440\u0446\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438, \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434. \u041d\u0435 \u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0458\u0430 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0431\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0458 \u0435 \u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438. \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0458\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0433\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0436\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u041e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e.\"},\"tr\":{\"t\":\"Aromanlar\",\"l\":\"Manaki karde\u015flerin do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00fcnyaya k\u0131sa bir giri\u015f: dil, yerle\u015fimler, hareketlilik ve bir k\u00f6y\u00fcn neden birka\u00e7 ad\u0131 olabildi\u011fi.\",\"bc\":\"Ara\u015ft\u0131rma\",\"b3\":\"Tarih\u00ee kaynaklarda \u00e7o\u011fu zaman <b>Ulah<\/b> (Vlah) diye an\u0131lan Aromanlar, Rumenceye \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir Do\u011fu Roman dil \u00e7e\u015fidi olan <b>Aromanca<\/b> konu\u015fur. Bunun bir dil mi yoksa bir leh\u00e7e mi say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tan\u0131ma ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir kimlik boyutu da vard\u0131r ve uzmanlar bu konuyu h\u00e2l\u00e2 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Aromanca tek bi\u00e7imli de\u011fildir: b\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye \u00e7ok farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Aromanlar kompakt b\u00f6lgelerde de\u011fil, geni\u015f bir alana da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6ylerde ve kasabalarda ya\u015far; konu\u015fma, kelime da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011fu zaman birbirine kom\u015fu iki k\u00f6y aras\u0131nda bile ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r Aromanlar Balkanlar\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ya\u015f\u0131yor; yerle\u015fimleri, aile a\u011flar\u0131 ve hareket yollar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc <b>Yunanistan, Arnavutluk, Kuzey Makedonya ve Bulgaristan<\/b> s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015far; bir\u00e7o\u011fu <b>Romanya<\/b>\u2019ya, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri, yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise \u00f6zellikle Dobruca\u2019ya da yerle\u015fti.\",\"b4\":\"Da\u011f \u00e7obanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve mevsimlik <b>transh\u00fcmans<\/b> (yaylac\u0131l\u0131k), baz\u0131 Aroman topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar, ama hik\u00e2yenin tamam\u0131 de\u011fildir. Aromanca konu\u015fan t\u00fcccarlar, zanaatk\u00e2rlar, \u00f6\u011fretmenler, yap\u0131 ustalar\u0131 ve kentli aileler k\u00f6yler kadar kasabalar\u0131n bi\u00e7imlenmesine de katk\u0131da bulundu. <b>Moscopole (Voskopoj\u00eb)<\/b>, <b>Kru\u0161evo (Cru\u0219uva)<\/b>, <b>Metsovo (Aminciu)<\/b> ve ba\u015fka merkezler farkl\u0131 yerle\u015fim ve hareketlilik bi\u00e7imlerini g\u00f6sterir. On dokuzuncu ve yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda n\u00fcfus hareketleri, okulla\u015fma, devlet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve dil politikalar\u0131 bu d\u00fcnyalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.\",\"b5\":\"Manaki karde\u015fler bu ortamda do\u011fdu. Foto\u011fraflar\u0131nda k\u00f6yler, giysiler, rit\u00fceller ve g\u00fcndelik i\u015fler vard\u0131r; ama subaylar\u0131, siyasi kutlamalar\u0131, kent hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 dil ve din aidiyetlerinden insanlar\u0131 da kaydettiler. Onlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca \u201cAromanlar\u0131n\u201d foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamak \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir tarih\u00ee kayd\u0131 daraltmak olur.\",\"b6\":\"Bu nedenle <i>D\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6tesinde<\/i>, <b>Aromanca yer adlar\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc resm\u00ee adlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda<\/b> korur; bir ad\u0131n \u00f6tekini ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmeden. Dilsel bi\u00e7imler tarih\u00ee kullan\u0131m\u0131n, hareketin ve belle\u011fin tan\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. Korunmalar\u0131, kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n belirtilmesi ve aranabilir olmalar\u0131 gerekir. Ama\u00e7, ziyaret\u00e7ilerin ayn\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcn farkl\u0131 alb\u00fcmlerde, haritalarda, ar\u015fivlerde ve aile hik\u00e2yelerinde neden birka\u00e7 farkl\u0131 adla kar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakt\u0131r.\",\"b7\":\"Daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tarihsel ve dilbilimsel tart\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">Kaynak\u00e7a<\/a> sayfas\u0131na, \u00f6zellikle <b>Emil \u021a\u00eercomnicu<\/b>, <b>Ioana Popescu<\/b> ve <b>Nikolaos Siokis<\/b>\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na bak\u0131labilir. Bu k\u0131sa giri\u015f foto\u011fraflar\u0131 okumak i\u00e7in bir ba\u011flam sunar; tek tek Aroman topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihinin yerini tutmaz.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"Yeniden foto\u011fraflama\",\"nvfield-method\":\"Saha y\u00f6ntemi\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"Nas\u0131l at\u0131f yap\u0131l\u0131r\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"Yer adlar\u0131 dizini\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"Film kronolojisi\",\"nvbibliography\":\"Kaynak\u00e7a\",\"nvarchives\":\"Ar\u015fiv kaynaklar\u0131\",\"nvpapers\":\"Ara\u015ft\u0131rma yaz\u0131lar\u0131\",\"nvmethods\":\"Y\u00f6ntemler ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\",\"nvaromanians\":\"Aromanlar\",\"hn\":\"Adlar ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\",\"n1\":\"Aromanlar kendilerine <b>Arm\u00e2n<\/b>, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde <b>Rr\u0103m\u00e2n<\/b> der. Ba\u015fkalar\u0131 onlara ba\u015fka adlar vermi\u015ftir: kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131n dillerinde ve bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00ee kaynakta <b>Ulah<\/b> (Vlah), eski Rumen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda <b>Makedo-Rumen<\/b>, uluslararas\u0131 literat\u00fcrde <b>Aromanlar<\/b>. Her ad\u0131n bir tarihi vard\u0131r ve hi\u00e7biri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yans\u0131z de\u011fildir.\",\"n2\":\"<b>Vlah<\/b> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her zaman bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelmedi. Orta\u00e7a\u011f ve erken modern belgelerde Roman dili konu\u015fan bir halk\u0131, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00f6keni ne olursa olsun bir \u00e7oban\u0131 ya da hangi dili konu\u015fursa konu\u015fsun da\u011flarda ya\u015fay\u0131p s\u00fcr\u00fcyle birlikte yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren herkesi adland\u0131rabilirdi. Bu y\u00fczden orta\u00e7a\u011f kay\u0131tlar\u0131 bug\u00fcn kafam\u0131z\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor: bir belgedeki Vlah mutlaka bir Aroman de\u011fildir, kimi zaman Roman dillerinden birini bile konu\u015fmaz. Bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn etnik adlar gibi Vlah da siyasi anlamlar y\u00fcklenmi\u015f, bunlar baz\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\",\"n3\":\"\u00c7o\u011fu iki kampa b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr: kendini Rumen sayanlar ve kendini Yunan sayanlar. Ancak Balkanlarda kendini Arnavut, Makedon veya Bulgar sayan Aromanlarla, ikisini birden hissedenlerle ve kendilerini ayr\u0131 bir halk olarak g\u00f6renlerle de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m. Kimin hakl\u0131 oldu\u011funa karar vermek benim iste\u011fim de\u011fil. Bir antropolog olarak bunu ilgiyle not ediyorum, ama hayat\u0131n bu kadar \u00e7ok tonu oldu\u011fu yerde en y\u00fcce ger\u00e7ekleri belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorum. Yere, ya\u015fa ve konu\u015fulan ki\u015fiye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen, ulusal s\u00f6ylemin ayr\u0131 tuttu\u011fu \u00f6\u011feleri \u00e7o\u011fu kez birle\u015ftiren da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f kimliklere inan\u0131yorum. Bu, beni b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen bir topluluk; b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in tek bir ad yetmez.\"},\"bg\":{\"t\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"l\":\"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438: \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a, \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430.\",\"bc\":\"\u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\",\"b3\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 <b>\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438<\/b>, \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442 <b>\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438<\/b>, \u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e, \u0430 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044a\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442. \u0410\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d: \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u044a\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430. \u041e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u044f\u0442 \u0432 \u044e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438, \u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430 <b>\u0413\u044a\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0410\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f<\/b>; \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0432 <b>\u0420\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/b>, \u043e\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0442 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0432 \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0436\u0430.\",\"b4\":\"\u041f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 <b>\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/b> (\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0445\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044a\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e) \u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0446\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0410\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u044a\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430\u044f\u0442\u0447\u0438\u0438, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430. <b>\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 (Voskopoj\u00eb)<\/b>, <b>\u041a\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u0432\u043e (Cru\u0219uva)<\/b>, <b>\u041c\u0435\u0446\u043e\u0432\u043e (Aminciu)<\/b> \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 XIX \u0438 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a.\",\"b5\":\"\u0411\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044f \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0439-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u201e\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u201c, \u0431\u0438\u0445\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441.\",\"b6\":\"\u0417\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 <i>\u041e\u0442\u0432\u044a\u0434 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/i> \u043f\u0430\u0437\u0438 <b>\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/b>, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0434\u0438, \u0447\u0435 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e. \u0415\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0430, \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442. \u0422\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u044f\u0431\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442, \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0442\u044a\u0440\u0441\u044f\u0442. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u0442\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0430\u043b\u0431\u0443\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438.\",\"b7\":\"\u0417\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u044a\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0442\u0435 <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430<\/a>, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 <b>\u0415\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0426\u044a\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443<\/b>, <b>\u0419\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443<\/b> \u0438 <b>\u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043e\u0441 \u0421\u0438\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0441<\/b>. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435; \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u0420\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\",\"nvfield-method\":\"\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"\u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"\u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"nvbibliography\":\"\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\",\"nvarchives\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\",\"nvpapers\":\"\u0418\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\",\"nvmethods\":\"\u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\",\"hn\":\"\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\",\"n1\":\"\u0410\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0438 <b>Arm\u00e2n<\/b>, \u0432 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 <b>Rr\u0103m\u00e2n<\/b>. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430: <b>\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438<\/b> \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438, <b>\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0446\u0438<\/b> \u0432 \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, <b>\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438<\/b> \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e.\",\"n2\":\"\u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 <b>\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0445<\/b> \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441. \u0412 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u044f \u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0432\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0432\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043b. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0440\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442: \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438\u043d, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441, \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442\u0438.\",\"n3\":\"\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0446\u0438, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u044a\u0440\u0446\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u0443\u043c\u044a\u043d\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u0438 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434. \u041d\u0435 \u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u044a\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u044e\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438. \u0412\u044f\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0443\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043c\u044f\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043e, \u0432\u044a\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430.\"},\"ka\":{\"t\":\"\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"l\":\"\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea \u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc: \u10d4\u10dc\u10d0, \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1, \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1.\",\"bc\":\"\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\",\"b3\":\"\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 <b>\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1<\/b> \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, <b>\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3<\/b> \u10da\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10e3\u10e0-\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0, \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e9\u10d0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d0\u10d3, \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8; \u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10e1\u10ef\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8\u10ea \u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1: \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4 \u10eb\u10da\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10de\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d8\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ea \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0 \u10db\u10d4\u10d6\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10da \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 <b>\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e9\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1<\/b> \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1; \u10d1\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d3\u10d0 <b>\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10e8\u10d8\u10ea<\/b>, \u10e3\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4 XVIII \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc, XX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10ef\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8.\",\"b4\":\"\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d4\u10d6\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 <b>\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10f0\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8<\/b> \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1. \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10ec\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4 \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. <b>\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10e5\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d4 (\u10d5\u10dd\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d8\u10d4)<\/b>, <b>\u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd (\u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10e8\u10e3\u10d5\u10d0)<\/b>, <b>\u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10dd\u10d5\u10dd (\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10e9\u10e3)<\/b> \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10ea\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. XIX \u10d3\u10d0 XX \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db, \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db, \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10db\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0.\",\"b5\":\"\u10eb\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d0\u10db \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d1\u10d4\u10ed\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d4\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8, \u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10ec\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d3 \u201e\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10db\u10d4\u10db\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10ec\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0.\",\"b6\":\"\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10db <i>Beyond Yesterday<\/i> <b>\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da \u10e2\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da \u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3<\/b> \u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1, \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e3\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e1\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d0. \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4\u10d1\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0, \u10db\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d7\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d7\u10ee\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d2\u10d5\u10ee\u10d5\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1.\",\"b7\":\"\u10d5\u10e0\u10ea\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d7 <a href=\\\"\/research\/bibliography\/\\\">\u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0<\/a>, \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 <b>\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10da \u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea\u10e3\u10e1<\/b>, <b>\u10d8\u10dd\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10de\u10d4\u10e1\u10d9\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0<\/b> \u10d3\u10d0 <b>\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1<\/b> \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8. \u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10da\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10e1 \u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0; \u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10e1.\",\"nvrephotography\":\"\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\",\"nvfield-method\":\"\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\",\"nvhow-to-cite\":\"\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d5\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d7 \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\",\"nvgazetteer\":\"\u10e2\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\",\"nvfilm-chronology\":\"\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\",\"nvbibliography\":\"\u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8\u10d0\",\"nvarchives\":\"\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10dd \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"nvpapers\":\"\u10d9\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"nvmethods\":\"\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"nvaromanians\":\"\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"hn\":\"\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\",\"n1\":\"\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 <b>Arm\u00e2n<\/b>-\u10e1 \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 <b>Rr\u0103m\u00e2n<\/b>-\u10e1. \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10d7: <b>\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/b> \u10db\u10d4\u10d6\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e3\u10da \u10ec\u10e7\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8, <b>\u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/b> \u10eb\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10e0\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10ea\u10dc\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8, <b>\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8<\/b> \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd \u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8. \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10dd\u10d4\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10ea \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1.\",\"n2\":\"\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0 <b>\u10d5\u10da\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8<\/b> \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d3\u10e6\u10d4\u10e1. \u10e8\u10e3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d9\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10db\u10e1\u10e1 \u10d0\u10dc \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10ea \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 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