The archival photograph, its digital reproduction, the new photograph and the published comparison are different things, with different authors, dates, owners and rights, and they are cited separately. In the formulas below, whatever stands in square brackets is filled in from the original catalogue or file.

A historical photograph kept in Bucharest

Ianaki and Milton Manakia [attribution as in the catalogue]. “Avdela, view of the village” [descriptive title]. c. 1900. Print on paper. National Museum of the Romanian Peasant (MNȚR), Bucharest, inv. Mk-1910. Reproduced or discussed in Cătălin D. Constantin, Beyond Yesterday, [permanent URL], accessed [day month year]. The museum is the custodian of the photograph; the site is where it is reproduced and interpreted.

A glass negative kept in Bitola

Manakia Brothers [attribution as in the catalogue]. “Avdela, view of the village” [descriptive title]. c. 1900. Glass plate negative. State Archives of North Macedonia, Bitola Department, Fonds 0580, GPN 5701. Consulted or reproduced through [archive / verified digitisation record], [date]. The fonds and the negative’s number identify the physical object. If the version consulted comes from the EAP1470 digitisation, the item’s permanent link or EAP identifier is added after the digital record has been opened; EAP1470 names a preservation project, not a transfer of the originals to London.

The contemporary photograph

Cătălin D. Constantin. “Avdela, Holy Trinity, contemporary view” [descriptive title of the place]. [Exact date of exposure]. Digital photograph. Beyond Yesterday: An Anthropological Walk Retracing the Path of the Manakia Brothers in the Early 1900s, [permanent URL of the page], accessed [day month year]. The date of publication is not necessarily the date of the photograph.

A paired comparison or triptych

“Avdela, Holy Trinity, then and now.” Historical image: Manakia Brothers, c. 1900, State Archives, Bitola, GPN 5676 and/or MNȚR, Mk-1932, as each is credited; contemporary image and comparative arrangement: Cătălin D. Constantin, [year of photograph]. Beyond Yesterday, [permanent URL], accessed [day month year]. Both archival objects are listed only if both are reproduced or discussed, and in collages each source image is labelled.

An unpublished archival document

[Author or issuing office], “[Original or descriptive title],” [date], [archive], [fonds], [series], [file], [folio/page]. Accessed [date]. If the source is known only from a printed edition, add “cited in” followed by the edition.

A historical film

Manakia Brothers [attribution as in the catalogue]. [Original or currently accepted title]. [Year, or a justifiable interval; 1907 for the first Camera 300 film, with an explanatory note]. Original motion picture, [format and running time only if verified]. [Holding cinematheque], [accession number or identifier]. Viewed as [original element / restoration / compilation / digital access copy], [date of the version]. The date of the event recorded is kept apart from the date of filming, and the date of production from the year of a later DVD or compilation.

A research essay from the Journal

Constantin, Cătălin D. “The man in front of the theatre.” Beyond Yesterday, Journal, [date of publication], beyondyesterday.org/journal/#londra, accessed [day month year]. Whoever cites the 1907 redating should also cite Emil Țîrcomnicu’s 2024 archival edition and keep the conventional 1905 chronology distinct from the new argument.

The book or the site as a whole

Constantin, Cătălin D. Beyond Yesterday: An Anthropological Walk Retracing the Path of the Manakia Brothers in the Early 1900s. Bucharest: Peter Pan ART, 2025; second edition 2026. ISBN 978-606-95000-7-1. Romanian edition: Dincolo de ieri: Călătorie antropologică în Balcani pe urmele fraților Manakia la 1900, same publisher and years, ISBN 978-606-95000-8-8. The site: Cătălin D. Constantin, Beyond Yesterday, beyondyesterday.org, accessed [day month year].

Citing is not permission to reproduce

A citation acknowledges the origin and lets the reader find the object; it is not permission to reproduce. Before reusing a scan, ask the museum, archive, family or rights holder as the case may be. The physical owner, the photographer and the present rights holder can be different persons.