Two brothers left an archive scattered across borders, institutions and languages, and the literature about them is scattered in the same way. This bibliography brings together publications from Romania, North Macedonia and the former Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, Albania and international research.

What this is. An inventory of the field: early testimonies, photographic albums, monographs, exhibition catalogues, articles, theses, archival studies, films, newspaper reports and internet sources. Some titles were consulted directly; others are known only from citations in other works; not all of them have been read. The list is a work in progress and is meant as a researcher’s starting point. Entries are grouped as literature on the Manakia brothers, context and comparative works, and primary sources. A link follows an entry where a catalogue record or digital text exists. Translations in square brackets are editorial aids, not official titles; original spellings and historical names of institutions are kept.

Good first reads are Ioana Popescu’s study of the Romanian ethnographic photographs, Igor Stardelov’s film research, Marian Țuțui’s trans-Balkan analysis, Emil Țîrcomnicu’s archival editions, Saadet Özen’s work on the Young Turk Revolution and Nikolaos Siokis’s historiographical survey.

Literature on the Manakia brothers

Abadžieva, S. “Braḱata Janaki i Milton Manaki / The Brothers Janaki and Milton Manaki.” Golemoto Staklo 19–20 (2005–06): 7–19.

Andonovska, L., N. Georgievski, et al. Značajni ličnosti za Bitola / Distinguished People for Bitola. Bitola: NUUB “Sv. Kliment Ohridski” / Municipality of Bitola, 2007, pp. 123–126.

Arayancan, Tanıl. Manaki Kardeşlerin Türk Sinema Tarihindeki Yeri ve Önemi [The place and significance of the Manaki brothers in Turkish cinema history]. MA thesis, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, 2024. — online

Bedeni, Luçjan. Janaki & Milton Manaki. Shkodër: National Museum of Photography “Marubi” / Ministry of Culture of Albania / State Archives of North Macedonia, Bitola Department, 2023.

Borcan, Silvia, and Bujor T. Rîpeanu. Catalogul filmelor documentare românești, 1897–1948. Bucharest: Arhiva Națională de Filme, 1981.

Christodoulou, Christos K. “Οι πατέρες της έβδομης τέχνης στα Βαλκάνια.” O Paratiritis 11–12 (March–June 1989): 18–33.

Christodoulou, Christos K. The Manakis Brothers: The Greek Pioneers of the Balkanic Cinema. Thessaloniki: Thessaloniki Organization for the Cultural Capital of Europe, 1997. — online

Christodoulou, Christos K. Τα φωτογενή Βαλκάνια των Αδελφών Μανάκη [The photogenic Balkans of the Manaki brothers]. Thessaloniki: Paratiritis, 1989.

Christodoulou, Christos K. “Γρεβενιώτες οι… πρωτοπόροι του ελληνικού κινηματογράφου: Άγνωστα στοιχεία στο φως της δημοσιότητας” [The pioneers of Greek cinema from Grevena: new evidence]. Makedonia, 11 December 1977, pp. 5–6.

Αδελφοί Μανάκια: Πρωτοπόροι της εικόνας στα Βαλκάνια [The Manaki brothers: pioneers of the image in the Balkans]. Athens: Kastaniotis, 1997. CD-ROM, ISBN 978-960-03-1826-5. — online

Community of Avdella. Αβδέλλα & Αδελφοί Μανάκια / Avdella & The Manakia Brothers. Larissa: Ella, 2004.

Constantin, Cătălin D. Beyond Yesterday: An Anthropological Walk Retracing the Path of the Manakia Brothers in the Early 1900s. Bucharest: Peter Pan ART, 2025; second edition 2026. ISBN 978-606-95000-7-1.

Constantin, Cătălin D. Dincolo de ieri: Călătorie antropologică în Balcani pe urmele fraților Manakia la 1900. Bucharest: Peter Pan ART, 2025; second edition 2026. ISBN 978-606-95000-8-8.

Dimitrovski-Takets, Dimitar. Manaki i Bitola. Bitola: Rabotnički univerzitet “Krste P. Misirkov”, 1975.

Drnkov, Blagoj. “Our First Film Reporter: The Life and Work of Milton D. Manakis.” Filmska Revija 1 (1951); republished in Kinotečen Mesečnik 6 (June 1977): 57–68.

Durlova, Marija, and Goce Stojanovski. Lica i mesta / Faces and Places: Selected Ethnographic Photographs from the Manaki Brothers. Bitola: NU Centar za Kultura / State Archives, Bitola, 2023.

Evren, Burçak. “Balkanların ve Türk Sinemasının İlk Yönetmenlerinden: Manaki Kardeşler.” Hayal Perdesi 37 (November–December 2013): 72–76. — online

Evren, Burçak. “İlk Türk Filmini Çeken Yanaki ve Milton Manaki Kardeşler.” Pazar Postası, 8 July 1995.

Exarchos, Giorgis. Αδελφοί Μανάκια: Πρωτοπόροι του κινηματογράφου στα Βαλκάνια και το «Βλαχικόν Ζήτημα». Athens: Gavriilidis, 1991.

Exarchos, Giorgis. “Γιαννάκης και Μίλτος Μανάκιας.” Stochastis (March 1990): 53–55.

Mavrogeni, Stavroula, and Fani Tsatsaia. Γιάννης και Μίλτος Μανάκια: Τα πρόσωπα πίσω από τον φακό / Yiannis and Miltos Manakia: People Behind the Lens. Edited by Silia Fasianou. Thessaloniki: Museum of the Macedonian Struggle / Liaison Office of Greece in Pristina / University of Macedonia Press, 2023. ISBN 978-618-5196-73-8. — online

Garambliana, Stavroula. Διαχείριση και προβολή της πολιτισμικής κληρονομιάς του φωτογραφικού και κινηματογραφικού φιλμ: εκθέσεις και φεστιβάλ για το αρχείο των αδερφών Μανάκια [Management and promotion of photographic and cinematographic heritage: exhibitions and festivals for the Manakia archive]. MSc thesis, Hellenic Open University, 2024, 82 pp. — online

Gica, Alexandru, and Daniel Mănescu. Istorii: Viața secretă a inspectorului Tacit (cu o suită de fotografii Manakia). Bucharest: Editura Societății Culturale Aromâne, 2026. — online

Gjorgievski, Dimitar. “Камера 300: Од работилницата на Алфред Дарлинг и Брајтонската школа до битолското депо” [Camera 300: From Alfred Darling’s workshop and the Brighton school to the Bitola repository]. Makedonski Arhivist 27, nos. 31–32 (2022): 81–90. — online

Grgić, Ana. Early Cinema, Modernity and Visual Culture: The Imaginary of the Balkans. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. — online

Grgić, Ana. “‘Regions of Unthought’ – The Danger and the Freedom of Film Archiving and (Trans)national Film Heritage in the Balkans.” Studies in Eastern European Cinema 11, no. 2 (2020): 119–139. — online

Guštin, Maša. “The Manaki Brothers: The Chroniclers of the ‘Third’ Europe.” Panoptikum 30 (2023): 11–32. — online

Hadjievska, Ivana. “Постапката за препознавање на архивскиот материјал како културно наследство од исклучително значење: Фонд 580 ‘Браќа Манаки – Битола 1853–1964’ како прв национален случај” [Recognizing archival material as cultural heritage: Fonds 580]. Makedonski Arhivist 27, nos. 31–32 (2022): 121–128. — online

Ioannina regional educational institutions. Με το φακό των αδελφών Μανάκια / À travers l’objectif des frères Manakia / With the Eyes of the Manakia Brothers. Ioannina, 2010.

Jankuloski, Robert. Manaki: Prikazna vo sliki / Une histoire en images / A Story in Pictures. Skopje: Macedonian Centre for Photography, 2017.

Kathimerini. “Τα Βαλκάνια με το βλέμμα των Μανάκια” [The Balkans through the Manaki gaze]. Epta Imeres, special issue, 2 June 1996. — repost, vlahoi.net, 2018

Konstantinov, Goran. “Braḱata Manaḱi za fizičkata kultura.” Zbornik na trudovi 9 (1989): 69–71.

Konstantinov, Pavle; Aleksandar Krstevski; B. Nonevski; M. Pančevski; and Il. Petruševa. Braḱa Manaki: pioneri na filmot na Balkanot / Les frères Manaki: pionniers du cinéma balkanique / The Manaki Brothers: Pioneers of Film-Making in the Balkans. Skopje: Kinoteka na Socijalistička Republika Makedonija, 1986.

Konstantinov, Pavle. Braḱa Manaki: prilog kon nivniot život i delo [The Manaki brothers: a contribution to their life and work]. Skopje: Mlad Borec, 1982.

Kosanović, D., and V. Petkovski. “Zboruvaat za Milton Manaki” [Speaking about Milton Manaki]. Kinotečen Mesečnik 15 (1979): 14–17.

Krstevski, Aleksandar; Rade Siljan; and Alenka Lape (eds.). Творештвото на браќата Манаки / L’oeuvre des frères Manaki / The Creation of the Brothers Manaki [The creative work of the Manaki brothers]. Skopje: Arhiv na Makedonija / Matica makedonska, [1996].

Mademli, Geli. “A Boundary Archive: Mobilizing the Transnational Film Heritage of the Manakia Brothers.” The Moving Image 23, no. 1 (2023, announced as forthcoming).

Mademli, Geli. “Archiving Balkan History: The Films of the Manakia Brothers.” In Visions of Identity: Global Film & Media, edited by Phillip Drummond, 152–162. The London Film & Media Reader 4. London: The London Symposium, 2016. — online

Manakia, Ioan D. Albumul etnografic macedo-român: tipuri, porturi și localități ale aromânilor. Scholarly republication edited by Emil Țîrcomnicu. Bucharest: Editura Etnologică, 2024. ISBN 978-606-067-051-3. — online

Manaki, Leonid, interviewed by Tomislav Osmanli. “Milton osnovopoložnik na našata kinematografija.” Ekran 14, no. 694 (2 March 1984): 42–44.

Manojlovski, Aleksandar. “Битолските Евреи низ фотообјективот на браќата Јанаки и Милтон Манаки” [Bitola Jews through the lens of the Manaki brothers]. Glasnik 63, nos. 1–2 (2019): 141–161. — online

Margulies, Roni (ed.). Manastır’da İlân-ı Hürriyet, 1908–1909 / The Proclamation of Freedom in Manastır: Fotoğrafçı Manakis Biraderler / The Manakis Brothers. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1997.

Mladenovski, S. “Manaki Janaki” and “Manaki Milton.” In Makedonska enciklopedija, vol. 2 (2009): 907.

Mystakidis, Sotiris. “Γιάννης και Μίλτος Μανάκιας: Δύο πρωτοπόροι του βαλκανικού κινηματογράφου.” Makedoniki Zoi 235 (December 1985): 43–46.

Nollas, Kamilos. “Κιβωτός εικόνων: Με αφορμή τα πάθη που εγείρει το έργο των αδελφών Μανάκια.” Fotografos 245 (January–February 2017): 154.

Todorovska, Denica, and Mirjana Topiḱ (eds.). Kino Manaki – Bitola (1923–2003). Preface by Boris Nonevski. Skopje: Kinoteka na Makedonija, 2003.

Osmanli, Tomislav. “Kniga na predubeduvanja i protivrečnosti: kon monografijata ‘Braḱata Manaki – grčkite pioneri na balkanskiot film’ od Hristos K. Hristodulu.” Kinopis 9, no. 17 (1997): 21–30.

Osmanli, Tomislav. “Milton Manaki: Prviot kinematografski zograf na Balkanot.” Razgledi 22, no. 4 (April 1980): 319–328.

Osmanli, Tomislav. “Prviot kinematografski zograf na Balkanot” [The first cinematographic painter of the Balkans]. Kinotečen Mesečnik 15 (1979): 6–13.

Özen, Saadet. “Balkanların İlk Sinemacıları mı? Manaki Biraderler.” Toplumsal Tarih 219 (March 2012): 60–67.

Özen, Saadet. “Manakilerin Objektifinden Hürriyet.” Toplumsal Tarih 220 (April 2012): 50–57.

Özen, Saadet. Rethinking Young Turk Revolution: Manaki Brothers Still and Moving Images. MA thesis, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, 2010. — online

Petruševa, Il. “İlk Türk filmini çeken sinemacılar.” Tombak (November–December 1994): 28–29.

Petruševa, Il. “Yanaki ve Milton Manaki kardeşlerin 1911’de çektiği filmler.” Tombak (March–April 1995): 64–65.

Popescu, Ioana. Privește! Frații Manakia. Martor, vol. VI, supplement, 2001. Bucharest: Muzeul Țăranului Român.

Popescu, Ioana. Privește! Frații Manakia. Second, revised edition. Bucharest: Editura Martor / Muzeul Național al Țăranului Român, 2013. — online (1) · online (2)

Săvulescu, Constantin. Cronologia ilustrată a fotografiei în România: perioada 1834–1916. Bucharest, 1985.

Saydam, Barış. “Manaki Kardeşler: Balkanların Hafızası / The Manaki Brothers: The Memory of the Balkans.” In Osmanlı’da Sinematografın Yolculuğu (1895–1923) / The Cinematograph’s Odyssey in the Ottoman Empire (1895–1923). Istanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2020, pp. 74–87. ISBN 978-605-7646-44-6 (volume). — online

Şeyben, Özlem. “Türkiye’de İlk Kez Manaki Kardeşlerin Çektiği Filmler ve Fotoğraflar.” Sinematürk 2 (2006): 22–29.

Sidovska, Areti. “Braḱata Manaki i Bitola.” Zbornik na Trudovi 15 (2004): 71–82.

Siokis, Nikolaos D. “Ιχνηλατώντας τις πολλαπλές ταυτότητες των αδελφών Μανάκια” [Tracing the multiple identities of the Manakia brothers]. In Οι Βλάχοι της Ελλάδας: Ταυτότητες και ετερότητες στον χώρο και τον χρόνο, proceedings of the Kozani conference of 11–12 November 2022. Kozani: Scientific Society for the Study of Vlach Culture, 2024, pp. 289–322. — online

Stamatiou, Kostas. “Η ‘ανακάλυψη’ των Μανάκη και το ανεξόφλητο γραμμάτιο.” O Paratiritis 11–12 (March–June 1989): 16–17.

Stardelov, Igor. “Balkanskite ‘slikari na svetlinata’ vo temninata na istorijata.” Kinopis 9, no. 17 (1997): 11–20.

Stardelov, Igor. “Festival posveten na braḱata Manaki: Balkanskite slikari na svetlinata.” In Vl. Lj. Angelov (ed.), 40 IFFK Braḱa Manaki / ICFF Manaki Brothers. Skopje, 2019, pp. 7–18.

Stardelov, Igor, interviewed by Burçak Evren and Barış Saydam. “Directors Who Changed the History of the Balkan [sic].” Hayal Perdesi 37 (November–December 2013): 128–131.

Stardelov, Igor. “Majstorot Mihajlo Zega: životopis dostoen za istorija.” Kinopis 2, no. 3 (1990): 12–20.

Stardelov, Igor. “Preservation of Manaki Brothers Film Heritage.” Journal of Film Preservation 54 (1997): 27–30.

Stardelov, Igor. “Trajna zaštita na filmskoto nasledstvo na braḱata Manaki.” Kinopis 9, no. 17 (1997): 39–44.

Stardelov, Igor. Манаки / Manaki. Skopje: Kinoteka na Makedonija, 2003. — online

Stojanovski, Goce; Marija Durlova; Dimitar Gjorgievski; and Ivana Hadžievska. Bitolski arhivski hronotop: 70 godini Arhiv Bitola [Bitola’s archival chronotope: 70 years of the Bitola Archive]. Skopje: State Archives of the Republic of North Macedonia, 2024. 169 pp. ISBN 978-608-4900-40-5. — online

Stojanovski, Goce; Marija Durlova; and Dimitar Gjorgievski. “Застанато време: Чувајќи ја фотографската оставина на браќата Манаки” [Time Stands Still: Preserving the Manaki brothers’ photographic legacy]. Makedonski Arhivist 27, nos. 31–32 (2022): 117–120. — online

Stojanovski, Goce; Marija Durlova; Dimitar Gjorgievski; and Ivana Hadjievska. 140 godini od raǵanjeto na Milton Manaki (1882–2022) [140 years since Milton Manaki’s birth]. Bitola: State Archives of North Macedonia, Bitola Department, 2022.

Țîrcomnicu, Emil. “Corespondența lui Jean Voinescu cu Societatea de Cultură Macedo-Română în legătură cu achiziția albumului ‘Macedonia’.” In Elena Rodica Colta (ed.), Istorie, cultură, identitate. Bucharest: Editura Etnologică, 2020, pp. 253–266.

Țîrcomnicu, Emil. “Documente referitoare la Albumul etnografic macedo-român. Tipuri, porturi și localități ale aromânilor, publicat de Ianaki Manakia la Paris în anul 1907.” Anuarul Institutului de Etnografie și Folclor, new series 30 (2019): 213–229.

Țîrcomnicu, Emil. “Documente referitoare la dosarul de pensionar al lui Ioan D. Manakia.” In Adina Stoicescu (ed.), Racursiuri etnologice: In honorem Silviu Angelescu. Bucharest: Editura Universității din București, 2020, pp. 181–195.

Țîrcomnicu, Emil (ed.). Ioan D. Manakia în documente din arhiva Societății de Cultură Macedo-Română (1906–1948). Bucharest: Editura Etnologică, 2024. ISBN 978-606-067-052-0. — online

Țuțui, Marian. Frații Manakia sau Balcanii mișcători / Manakia Bros or the Moving Balkans. Bucharest: Arhiva Națională de Filme, 2004.

Țuțui, Marian. Frații Manakia și imaginea Balcanilor. Bucharest: Arhiva Națională de Filme / Noi Media Print, 2009. 239 pp. ISBN 978-973-1805-59-7. — online

Țuțui, Marian. “Novi fakti za vrskite na braḱata Manaki so Romanija.” Kinopis 9, no. 17 (1997): 31–38.

Țuțui, Marian. “The Visual Heritage of Manakia Bros. in the Balkan Countries.” Paper presented in Istanbul, November 2017. — online

Tziolas, Alexandros. Η ιστορία μπροστά στο φακό του Γιάννη και Μίλτου Μανάκια: Ιωάννινα, Πίνδος, Μοναστήρι, Γρεβενά, Θεσσαλονίκη [History before the lens of Giannis and Miltos Manakia]. Periodiko Diavlos, 2017. — online

Weigand, Gustav. Rumänen und Aromunen in Bulgarien. Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1907. — online

Williams, Bruce. “The Roots of Cinema in Albania: The Ottoman Period, Independence, and the Fascist Occupation.” In Albanian Cinema through the Fall of Communism: Silver Screens and Red Flags. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2023, especially the discussion of the Manakia brothers. — online

Hoxha, Abaz [name sometimes given as Abaz Hoxha]. Arti i shtatë në Shqipëri [The seventh art in Albania]. Tirana: Albin, 1994.

Zdraveva-Maretić, Zdravka. “Tipovi na svetilki vo Bitola (spored fondot na Milton Manaki).” Zbornik na trudovi 4–5 (1983–84): 99–108. Bitola: Zavod za zaštita na spomenicite na kulturata, prirodnite retkosti, muzej i galerija. — online

Films and film editions

Angelopoulos, Theo (dir.). To Vlemma tou Odyssea / Ulysses’ Gaze, 1995.

Cinematheque of North Macedonia. Brothers Milton and Janaki Manaki, archival-film DVD edition, 70 minutes, 42 film records. — online

Jankuloski, Robert (dir.). Манаки: Приказна во слики / Manaki: A Story in Pictures, 2019.

Ranitović, Branko (dir.). Kamera broj 300 / Camera No. 300, 1958.

Ruka, Petrit (dir.). Homerët e filmit ballkanik: vëllezërit Manaqi [The Homers of Balkan film: the Manaki brothers], 2011.

Zdru, Eliza (dir.). Frații Manakia. Jurnalul unei lungi priviri înapoi / The Manakia Brothers. Diary of a Long Look Back. Saga Film, 2016. — online

Contextual and comparative works

Chernenko, Miron. Makedonskiot film. Skopje: Kinoteka na Makedonija, 1997.

Corciovescu, Cristina, and Bujor T. Rîpeanu (coord.). Secolul cinematografului: mică enciclopedie a cinematografiei universale. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1989.

Hâciu, Anastase. Aromânii: comerț, industrie, arte, expansiune, civilizație. Focșani, 1936.

Kaya, Dilek. “Kırık Bir İlk Hikâyesi: Türk Sinemasının 100. Yılına Dair.” Sinecine 5, no. 2 (2014): 113–120. — online

Lako, Natasha. “Igrata na albanskata filmska slika (1895–1945).” In J. Vladova and B. Nonevski (eds.), Razvojot i proniknuvanjeto na balkanskite nacionalni kinematografii vo periodot od 1895 do 1945 godina. Skopje: Kinoteka na Makedonija, 2003, pp. 192–223. — online

Lascu, Stoica, Marian Zidaru, and George Lascu. Românii balcanici (aromânii și meglenoromânii) în Arhivele Naționale Britanice (1850–1950). Bucharest: Editura Etnologică, 2016.

Nikopoulos, E. Γρεβενά: Ογδόντα χρόνια φωτογραφίες, 1895–1975. Grevena, 2012.

Vladova, Jadranka, and Boris Nonevski (eds.). Razvojot i proniknuvanjeto na balkanskite nacionalni kinematografii vo periodot od 1895 do 1945 godina / The Development and the Permeating of the Balkan National Cinematographies in the Period from 1895 to 1945. Skopje: Kinoteka na Makedonija, 2003.

Özuyar, Ali. Sessiz Dönem Türk Sinema Tarihi (1895–1922). Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2017.

Rouvas, Angelos, and Christos Stathakopoulos. Ελληνικός Κινηματογράφος: Ιστορία, φιλμογραφία, βιογραφικά, vol. 1, 1905–1970. Athens: Ellinika Grammata, 2005, pp. 8–11.

Trenčovski, G. Orbis Pictus: Makedonskata filmska i TV-režija i drugi tekstovi. Skopje: Magor, 2001.

Țuțui, Marian. Orient Express: filmul românesc și filmul balcanic. Bucharest: Noi Media Print, 2008, especially pp. 111–126.

Aromanians and the Balkans: background reading

Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda. Compendiu de dialectologie română (nord- și sud-dunăreană). Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1975.

Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda. Fono-morfologie aromână: studiu de dialectologie structurală. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1968.

Hâciu, Anastase N. Aromânii: comerț, industrie, arte, expansiune, civilizație. Focșani: Tipografia „Cartea Putnei”, 1936.

Kahl, Thede. Ethnizität und räumliche Verteilung der Aromunen in Südosteuropa. Münstersche Geographische Arbeiten 43. Münster: Institut für Geographie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, 1999.

Koukoudis, Asterios I. The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Translated by Deborah Whitehouse. Thessaloniki: Zitros, 2003.

Leake, William Martin. Travels in Northern Greece. 4 vols. London: J. Rodwell, 1835.

Nicolau, Irina. Haide, bre! Incursiune subiectivă în lumea aromânilor. Published together with Talmeș-balmeș de etnologie și multe altele. Bucharest: Ars Docendi, 2007.

Peyfuss, Max Demeter. Die aromunische Frage: ihre Entwicklung von den Ursprüngen bis zum Frieden von Bukarest (1913) und die Haltung Österreich-Ungarns. Vienna: Böhlau, 1974.

Peyfuss, Max Demeter. Chestiunea aromânească: evoluția ei de la origini până la Pacea de la București (1913) și poziția Austro-Ungariei. Translated by Nicolae-Șerban Tanașoca. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1994.

Pouqueville, F. C. H. L. Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie, et dans plusieurs autres parties de l’Empire othoman, pendant les années 1798, 1799, 1800 et 1801. 3 vols. Paris: Gabon, 1805.

Pouqueville, F. C. H. L. Voyage dans la Grèce. 5 vols. Paris: Firmin Didot, 1820–1821.

Wace, A. J. B., and M. S. Thompson. The Nomads of the Balkans: An Account of Life and Customs among the Vlachs of Northern Pindus. London: Methuen, 1914.

Weigand, Gustav. Die Aromunen: ethnographisch-philologisch-historische Untersuchungen über das Volk der sogenannten Makedo-Romanen oder Zinzaren. 2 vols. Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1894–1895.

Winnifrith, Tom. The Vlachs: The History of a Balkan People. London: Duckworth, 1987.

Winnifrith, Tom. Shattered Eagles: Balkan Fragments. London: Duckworth, 1995.

Primary sources

A. Karamitsos International Auctions. “Lot 08892: Αδελφοί Μανάκη π. 1916” [Manakia brothers, c. 1916]. — online

Burada, T. T. Cercetări despre școalele românești din Turcia. Bucharest, 1890.

Cordescu, M.-V. Istoricul școalelor române din Turcia, Sofia și Turtucaia din Bulgaria și al seminariilor de limba română din Lipsca, Viena și Berlin. Bucharest, 1906.

Istanbul Müzayede. 58. Müzayede (Online), lot 71, “Resneli Niyazi Bey Resne İnkılab Mektebi Talebeleriyle Birlikte Fotoğraf.” — online

Lumina (Aromanian/Romanian periodical), October 1905, no. 10.

Manakia, Ioan D. Albumul etnografic macedo-român: tipuri, porturi și localități ale aromânilor. Paris, 1907.

Rumeli (Ottoman newspaper), 2 July 1911.

Universul (Bucharest), issues 61 (4 March 1903), 76 (19 March 1903), and 77 (20 March 1903). — online

Yeni İkdam (Ottoman newspaper), 9 July 1911.

Online resources

• British Library, Endangered Archives Programme, EAP1470: digital catalogue of selected images and archival units; project DOI 10.15130/EAP1470.
• State Archives of North Macedonia, Bitola Department: custodian of the brothers’ Fonds 580.
• Cinematheque of North Macedonia, film archive: film elements and authorised digital copies.
• Cinematheque chronology: the conventional dates.
• MNȚR Ethnological Image Archive: Manakia collection: a digitised sample with object-level identifiers; it does not cover the whole collection.
• National Museum of the Romanian Peasant, Bucharest: collections, catalogues and exhibition publications.
• Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, Thessaloniki: exhibition materials linked to the Leonidas Manakis photographic collection.
• Vlahoi.net, a Greek Aromanian portal: book reviews and reprints of historical material. Its political and national statements are to be read critically.
• Turkish thesis repository, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, open access to the 2024 Manaki thesis.
• Hellenic Open University research repository, 2024 thesis on the archive’s cultural management.
• Romanian National Library, bibliographic confirmation for recent Romanian editions.
• Beyond Yesterday, Journal: Cătălin D. Constantin’s archival findings and field visual research.
• Karamitsos auction catalogue and Istanbul Müzayede, Resneli Niyazi lots: original photographs or attributed prints that appeared outside museum collections. Catalogue descriptions remain the sellers’ claims.

Notes on the bibliography

The bibliography will keep growing. Some older periodical references were taken over from Nikolaos Siokis (2024, pp. 314–322), from the references in Guštin (2023) and from Țuțui’s earlier comparative work. They are working references, taken over as they stand; the originals have not been consulted directly.